United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/news/world-population-ageing-2019-0.
Werblow A, Felder S, Zweifel P. Population ageing and health care expenditure: a school of “red herrings”? Health Econ. 2007;16:1109–26.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zweifel P, Felder S, Meiers M. Ageing of population and health care expenditure: a red herring? Health Econ. 1999;8:485–96.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sirven N, Rapp T. The dynamics of hospital use among older people evidence for Europe using SHARE data. Health Serv Res. 2017;52:1168–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chernew ME, Goldman DP, Pan F, Shang B. Disability and health care spending among medicare beneficiaries. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;24(Suppl 2 Suppl):2.
Google Scholar
Cesari M, Landi F, Vellas B, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Sarcopenia and physical frailty: two sides of the same coin. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6(192):1–4.
Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Mañas L, Féart C, Mann G, Viña J, Chatterji S, Chodzko-Zajko W, et al. Searching for an operational definition of frailty: a Delphi method based consensus statement. The frailty operative definition-consensus conference project. J Gerontol. 2013;68:62–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB, et al. Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:249–56.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gnjidic D, Hilmer SN, Blyth FM, Naganathan V, Cumming RG, Handelsman DJ, et al. High-risk prescribing and incidence of frailty among older community-dwelling men. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;91:521–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
König M, Spira D, Demuth I, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Norman K. Polypharmacy as a risk factor for clinically relevant sarcopenia: results from the Berlin aging study II. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;73:117–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Öztürk ZA, Türkbeyler İH, Abiyev A, Kul S, Edizer B, Yakaryılmaz FD, et al. Health-related quality of life and fall risk associated with age-related body composition changes; sarcopenia, obesity and sarcopenic obesity. Intern Med J. 2018;48:973–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kojima G, Iliffe S, Jivraj S, Walters K. Association between frailty and quality of life among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70:716–21.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–56.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Antunes AC, Araújo DA, Veríssimo MT, Amaral TF. Sarcopenia and hospitalisation costs in older adults: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Diet. 2017;74:46–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ilinca S, Calciolari S. The patterns of health care utilization by elderly Europeans: frailty and its implications for health systems. Health Serv Res. 2015;50:305–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bentur N, Sternberg SA, Shuldiner J. Frailty transitions in community dwelling older people. Israel Med Assoc J. 2016;18:449–53.
Google Scholar
Puts MTE, Toubasi S, Andrew MK, Ashe MC, Ploeg J, Atkinson E, et al. Interventions to prevent or reduce the level of frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review of the literature and international policies. Age Ageing. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw247.
Gill TM, Gahbauer EA, Allore HG, Han L. Transitions between frailty states among community-living older persons. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:418–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dent E, Morley J, Cruz-Jentoft A, Woodhouse L, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Fried L, et al. Physical frailty: ICFSR international clinical practice guidelines for identification and management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1273-z.
Mareschal J, Genton L, Collet TH, Graf C. Nutritional intervention to prevent the functional decline in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2020;12:1–21.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Landi F, Calvani R, Cesari M, Tosato M, Martone AM, Bernabei R, et al. Sarcopenia as the biological substrate of physical frailty. Clin Geriatr Med. 2015;31:367–74.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davies B, García F, Ara I, Artalejo FR, Rodriguez-Mañas L, Walter S. Relationship between sarcopenia and frailty in the Toledo study of healthy aging: a population based cross-sectional study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19:282–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oviedo-Briones M, Laso ÁR, Carnicero JA, Cesari M, Grodzicki T, Gryglewska B, et al. A comparison of frailty assessment instruments in different clinical and social care settings: the Frailtools project. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22:607.e7–607.e12.
Article
Google Scholar
Aguayo GA, Donneau AF, Vaillant MT, Schritz A, Franco OH, Stranges S, et al. Agreement between 35 published frailty scores in the general population. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186:420–34.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wilke Fallerid J, Do D, Pereira N, de Souza S, Nampo FK, de Souza OF, et al. Instruments for the detection of frailty syndrome in older adults: a systematic review. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216166.
Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173:489–95.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kojima G, Iliffe S, Walters K. Frailty index as a predictor of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018;47:193–200.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li G, Thabane L, Ioannidis G, Kennedy C, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD. Comparison between frailty index of deficit accumulation and phenotypic model to predict risk of falls: data from the global longitudinal study of osteoporosis in women (GLOW) Hamilton cohort. Plos One. 2015;10:e0120144.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
García-García FJ, Carnicero JA, Losa-Reyna J, Alfaro-Acha A, Castillo-Gallego C, Rosado-Artalejo C, et al. Frailty trait scale-short form: a frailty instrument for clinical practice. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.008.
Álvarez-Bustos A, Carnicero-Carreño JA, Sanchez-Sanchez JL, Garcia-Garcia FJ, Alonso-Bouzón C, Rodríguez-Mañas L. Associations between frailty trajectories and frailty status and adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13:230–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peters LL, Burgerhof JGM, Boter H, Wild B, Buskens E, Slaets JPJ. Predictive validity of a frailty measure (GFI) and a case complexity measure (IM-E-SA) on healthcare costs in an elderly population. J Psychosom Res. 2015;79:404–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
García-Nogueras I, Aranda-Reneo I, Peña-Longobardo LM, Oliva-Moreno J, Abizanda P. Use of health resources and healthcare costs associated with frailty: the FRADEA study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21:207–14.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hajek A, Bock JO, Saum KU, Matschinger H, Brenner H, Holleczek B, et al. Frailty and healthcare costs-longitudinal results of a prospective cohort study. Age Ageing. 2018;47:233–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goates S, Du K, Arensberg MB, Gaillard T, Guralnik J, Pereira SL. Economic impact of hospitalizations in US adults with sarcopenia. J Frailty Aging. 2019;8:93–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garcia-Garcia FJ, Gutierrez Avila G, Alfaro-Acha A, Amor Andres MS, de La Torre LMDLA, Escribano Aparicio MV, et al. The prevalence of frailty syndrome in an older population from Spain. The Toledo study for healthy aging. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15:852–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ambagtsheer RC, Visvanathan R, Dent E, Yu S, Schultz TJ, Beilby J. Commonly used screening instruments to identify frailty among community-dwelling older people in a general practice (primary care) setting: a study of diagnostic test accuracy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020;75:1134–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Gahbauer EA, Gill TM, Rockwood K. A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr. 2008;8:24.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
García-García FJ, Carcaillon L, Fernandez-Tresguerres J, Alfaro A, Larrion JL, Castillo C, et al. A new operational definition of frailty: the frailty trait scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15:371.e7–371.e13.
Article
Google Scholar
Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46:153–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ottenbacher KJ, Branch LG, Ray L, Gonzales VA, Peek MK, Hinman MR. The reliability of upper- and lower-extremity strength testing in a community survey of older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:1423–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49:M85–94.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gnjidic D, Hilmer SN, Blyth FM, Naganathan V, Waite L, Seibel MJ, et al. Polypharmacy cutoff and outcomes: five or more medicines were used to identify community-dwelling older men at risk of different adverse outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65:989–95.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Farewell VT, Long DL, Tom BDM, Yiu S, Su L. Two-part and related regression models for longitudinal data. Annu Rev Stat Appl. 2017;4:283–315.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Heij C, de Boer P, Franses PH, Kloek T, van Dijk HK. Econometric methods with applications in business and economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
Google Scholar
Cameron AC, Trivedi PK. Microeconometrics using stata. College Station: Stata press; 2010. p. 2.
Google Scholar
Moran JL, Solomon PJ, Peisach AR, Martin J. New models for old questions: generalized linear models for cost prediction. J Eval Clin Pract. 2007;13:381–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Myers RH, Montgomery DC. A tutorial on generalized linear models. J Qual Technol. 1997;29:274–91.
Article
Google Scholar
Manning WG, Mullahy J. Estimating log models: to transform or not to transform? J Health Econ. 2001;20:461–94.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oliva-Moreno J, López-Bastida J, Montejo-González AL, Osuna-Guerrero R, Duque-González B. The socioeconomic costs of mental illness in Spain. Eur J Health Econ. 2009;10:361–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kohn JL, Liu JS. The dynamics of medical care use in the British household panel survey. Health Econ (United Kingdom). 2013;22:687–710.
Article
Google Scholar
Forder J. Long-term care and hospital utilisation by older people: an analysis of substitution rates. Health Econ. 2009;18:1322–38.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schuurmans H, Steverink N, Lindenberg S, Frieswijk N, Slaets JPJ. Old or frail: what tells us more? J Gerontol. 2004;59:M962–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Robinson TN, Wu DS, Stiegmann G, v., Moss M. Frailty predicts increased hospital and six-month healthcare cost following colorectal surgery in older adults. Am J Surg. 2011;202:511–4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Papadopoulou SK, Tsintavis P, Potsaki G, Papandreou D. Differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling, nursing home and hospitalized individuals. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020;24:83–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Oude Voshaar RC. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:1487–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R. The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:80–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sicsic J, Ravesteijn B, Rapp T. Are frail elderly people in Europe high-need subjects? First evidence from the SPRINTT data. Health Policy. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.05.009.
Cesari M, Gambassi G, Abellan van Kan G, Vellas B. The frailty phenotype and the frailty index: different instruments for different purposes. Age Ageing. 2014;43:10–2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar