Siddiqi N, House AO, Holmes JD. Occurrence and outcome of delirium in medical in-patients: a systematic literature review. Age Ageing. 2006;35(4):350–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ouimet S, Kavanagh BP, Gottfried SB, Skrobik Y. Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(1):66–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;304(4):443–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Collins N, Blanchard MR, Tookman A, Sampson EL. Detection of delirium in the acute hospital. Age Ageing. 2010;39(1):131–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
Google Scholar
Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Holford TR, Bogardus ST, Leo-Summers LS, Inouye SK. Premature death associated with delirium at 1-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(14):1657–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fong TG, Davis D, Growdon ME, Albuquerque A, Inouye SK. The interface between delirium and dementia in elderly adults. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(8):823–32.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ward G, Perera G, Stewart R. Predictors of mortality for people aged over 65 years receiving mental health care for delirium in a South London Mental Health Trust, UK: a retrospective survival analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;30(6):639–46.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113(12):941–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sepulveda E, Franco JG, Trzepacz PT, Gaviria AM, Meagher DJ, Palma J, Vinuelas E, Grau I, Vilella E, de Pablo J. Delirium diagnosis defined by cluster analysis of symptoms versus diagnosis by DSM and ICD criteria: diagnostic accuracy study. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:167.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dasgupta M, Dumbrell AC. Preoperative risk assessment for delirium after noncardiac surgery: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(10):1578–89.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morandi A, Jackson JC, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009;21(1):43–58.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cole MG. Persistent delirium in older hospital patients. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010;23(3):250–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davis DH, Muniz-Terrera G, Keage HA, Stephan BC, Fleming J, Ince PG, Matthews FE, Cunningham C, Ely EW, MacLullich AM, et al. Association of delirium with cognitive decline in late life: a neuropathologic study of 3 population-based cohort studies. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(3):244–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kiely DK, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK, Shaffer ML, Bergmann MA, Yang FM, Fearing MA, Jones RN. Persistent delirium predicts greater mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(1):55–61.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Inouye SK, Rushing JT, Foreman MD, Palmer RM, Pompei P. Does delirium contribute to poor hospital outcomes? A three-site epidemiologic study. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13(4):234–42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Salluh JI, Wang H, Schneider EB, Nagaraja N, Yenokyan G, Damluji A, Serafim RB, Stevens RD. Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350:h2538.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lindesay J, Rockwood K, Rolfson D. The epidemiology of delirium. In: Lindesay J, Rockwood K, Macdonald A, editors. Delirium in Old Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 27–50.
Google Scholar
Cole MG, Ciampi A, Belzile E, Dubuc-Sarrasin M. Subsyndromal delirium in older people: a systematic review of frequency, risk factors, course and outcomes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;28(8):771–80.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ouimet S, Riker R, Bergeron N, Cossette M, Kavanagh B, Skrobik Y. Subsyndromal delirium in the ICU: evidence for a disease spectrum. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(6):1007–13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marcantonio ER, Kiely DK, Simon SE, John Orav E, Jones RN, Murphy KM, Bergmann MA. Outcomes of older people admitted to postacute facilities with delirium. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(6):963–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sampson EL, Blanchard MR, Jones L, Tookman A, King M. Dementia in the acute hospital: prospective cohort study of prevalence and mortality. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(1):61–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Inouye SK. The Short Confusion Assessment Method (Short CAM): training manual and coding guide. Boston: Hospital Elder Life Program; 2014.
Google Scholar
van Velthuijsen EL, Zwakhalen SM, Warnier RM, Mulder WJ, Verhey FR, Kempen GI. Psychometric properties and feasibility of instruments for the detection of delirium in older hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(9):974–89.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–83.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, Gold J. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47(11):1245–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Waterlow J. Pressure sores: a risk assessment card. Nurs Times. 1985;81(48):49–55.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(10):818–29.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Adamis D, Treloar A, Darwiche FZ, Gregson N, Macdonald AJ, Martin FC. Associations of delirium with in-hospital and in 6-months mortality in elderly medical inpatients. Age Ageing. 2007;36(6):644–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Man SY, Chan KM, Wong FY, Wong KY, Yim CL, Mak PS, Kam CW, Lau CC, Lau FL, Graham CA, et al. Evaluation of the performance of a modified Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) scoring system for critically ill patients in emergency departments in Hong Kong. Resuscitation. 2007;74(2):259–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reisberg B, Sclan SG, Franssen E, Kluger A, Ferris S. Dementia staging in chronic care populations. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1994;8(Suppl 1):S188–205.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wei LA, Fearing MA, Sternberg EJ, Inouye SK. The Confusion Assessment Method: a systematic review of current usage. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(5):823–30.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shehabi Y, Riker RR, Bokesch PM, Wisemandle W, Shintani A, Ely EW, Group SS. Delirium duration and mortality in lightly sedated, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(12):2311–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
O’Keeffe S, Lavan J. The prognostic significance of delirium in older hospital patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45(2):174–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Permpongkosol S. Iatrogenic disease in the elderly: risk factors, consequences, and prevention. Clin Interv Aging. 2011;6:77–82.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lakatos BE, Capasso V, Mitchell MT, Kilroy SM, Lussier-Cushing M, Sumner L, Repper-Delisi J, Kelleher EP, Delisle LA, Cruz C, et al. Falls in the general hospital: association with delirium, advanced age, and specific surgical procedures. Psychosomatics. 2009;50(3):218–26.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marcantonio E, Ta T, Duthie E, Resnick NM. Delirium severity and psychomotor types: their relationship with outcomes after hip fracture repair. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(5):850–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maclullich AM, Ferguson KJ, Miller T, de Rooij SE, Cunningham C. Unravelling the pathophysiology of delirium: a focus on the role of aberrant stress responses. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65(3):229–38.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van Gool WA, van de Beek D, Eikelenboom P. Systemic infection and delirium: when cytokines and acetylcholine collide. Lancet. 2010;375(9716):773–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dani M, Owen LH, Jackson TA, Rockwood K, Sampson EL, Davis D. Delirium, frailty and mortality: interactions in a prospective study of hospitalized older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx214.