Skip to main content
Download PDF

Age-related differences in the occurrence, severity, and distress of symptoms in older patients at the initiation of chemotherapy

BMC Geriatrics volume 23, Article number: 481 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Evaluate for differences in occurrence, severity, and distress ratings for 32 symptoms between younger older adults (YOA, < 70 years) and older adults (OA, ≥ 70 years) at initiation of chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients (n = 125) were recruited prior to the initiation of chemotherapy and completed the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. Differences in occurrence, severity, and distress ratings were evaluated using Independent sample t-tests and Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests.

Results

On average, the older patients reported ten concurrent symptoms that equates with a moderate symptom burden. Symptoms with the highest occurrence rates were not always the most severe and/or the most distressing. Few age-related differences were found in patients’ symptom experiences. When age-related differences were identified, OA reported lower occurrence, severity, and distress ratings. Nine of the ten symptoms with highest occurrence rates were common for both age groups. For severity and distress, only half of the symptoms were common. In terms of severity and distress, all of the top ten ranked symptoms were in the moderate to severe range.

Conclusions

Both YOA and OA reported a moderate symptom burden and severity and distress scores in the moderate to severe range. The symptoms with the highest occurrence rates were not always the most severe/or the most distressing. Our findings suggest that different dimensions of the symptom experience (i.e., occurrence, severity, and distress) warrant evaluation in older oncology patients.

Peer Review reports

Background

The number of people aged 65 years and older is expected to double in the next two decades [1, 2]. In addition, by 2035, almost 60% of all new cases of cancer worldwide will occur in adults ≥ 65 years of age [2]. For many of these older adults, chemotherapy will be part of their treatment regimen. However, chemotherapy causes numerous adverse effects [3,4,5,6,7] and older oncology patients are at increased risk for chemotherapy-related toxicities [6, 7]. On average, oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy report ten unrelieved symptoms [8, 9].

Similar to younger adults, older adults with solid tumors may experience a broad range of physical and psychological symptoms. Few studies have evaluated for differences in various dimensions of the symptom experience (i.e., occurrence, severity, distress) between younger and older adults who were assessed prior to surgery [10] and during treatment [11,12,13].

In a study of patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy [13], compared to patients < 60 years of age, older patients (≥ 60 years) reported significantly lower occurrence rates for 15 of 32 symptoms; lower severity ratings for 6 symptoms; and lower distress ratings for 14 symptoms. In another study of patients receiving chemotherapy [11], compared to younger patients (< 65 years), the occurrence rate for evening fatigue and the severity scores for morning and evening fatigue, morning energy, and sleep disturbance were lower in patients ≥ 65 years. The older patients reported significantly higher evening energy scores compared with the younger patients.

In a study of patients who were assessed in a palliative care clinic [12], compared to the younger patients (≤ 60 years), older patients (> 60 years) reported less pain and poorer appetite. In addition, in a study that evaluated for age differences in the occurrence, severity, and distress of 32 symptoms between younger (< 65 years) and older (≥ 65 years) patients prior to surgery [10], no differences were found in the total number of symptoms. However, compared to younger patients, older patients reported significantly lower occurrence rates for five symptoms (i.e., difficulty concentrating, feeling drowsy, feeling nervous, feeling sad, worrying); lower severity ratings for three symptoms (i.e., difficulty concentrating, feeling nervous, feeling sad); and lower distress ratings for five symptoms (i.e., feeling drowsy, pain, lack of energy, shortness of breath, worrying).

Findings across these four studies suggest that older oncology patients experience a lower or similar symptom burden as younger patients [10,11,12,13]. However, some of the inconsistent findings may be related to differences in the characteristics of the patient samples; the timing of the assessments; the use of different symptom assessment instruments; and the evaluation of different dimensions of the symptom experience (i.e., occurrence, severity, distress).

Of note, while two of the four studies dichotomized younger and older patients at 60 years of age [12, 13], and the other two used 65 years of age as the cutoff [10, 11], none of these studies provided detailed information on the symptom experience of only older oncology patients. The inconsistencies across these four studies may reflect that no clear age cutoff or definition of an older cancer patient exist. For example, while the World Health Organization (WHO) refers to the older population as ≥ 60 years [1], others use 65 and 70 years as cutpoints [14]. Equally important is the need to evaluate for differences in the symptom experience of only older oncology patients [13, 15].

To our knowledge, only one study evaluated for differences in 32 symptoms among four age groups (i.e., 60–64, 65–69, 70–74, ≥ 75) of older oncology patients receiving active treatment using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS) [8]. On average, patients reported ten co-occurring symptoms and few age-related trends were found. Differences were found among the four age groups in occurrence rates for four symptoms (i.e., problems with sexual interest, lack of appetite, dizziness, swelling of arms or legs); in severity ratings for one symptom (i.e., difficulty swallowing); and in distress ratings for four symptoms (i.e., lack of energy, shortness of breath, feeling bloated, difficulty swallowing). As age increased, a decreasing linear trend was found for the occurrence of problems with sexual interest; the severity ratings for swallowing; and the distress ratings for lack of energy, shortness of breath, feeling bloated, and difficulty swallowing. In contrast, an increasing linear trend was found for the occurrence of lack of appetite, dizziness, and swelling of arms or legs. In addition, the severity and distress ratings were in the slight to moderate range for all four age groups. While this single study provides useful information on age-related differences in symptom occurrence, severity, and distress during treatment, additional research on the symptom experience of older oncology patients at the initiation of chemotherapy is warranted.

Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate for difference in occurrence, severity, and distress ratings for 32 symptoms between younger older adults (YOA, < 70 years) and older adults (OA, ≥ 70 years) with gynecological or colorectal cancer at the initiation of chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients and settings

This analysis is part of a larger longitudinal study of changes in cognitive and physical function in older oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. The methods for this study are published in detail elsewhere [16]. In brief, patients were recruited from one community and two university hospitals in Norway. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 60 years; diagnosis of gynecological or colorectal cancer; scheduled to receive primary or adjuvant chemotherapy; had a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of ≥ 23 [17]; and had a Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score of ≥ 60 [18]. A total of 208 patients were approached and 149 consented to participate (71.6% response rate). Of these 149 patients, one withdrew and nine were excluded because they had a low MoCA score (< 23). Of the 139 patients recruited, 125 completed the MSAS and were included in this analysis.

Instruments

Demographic and clinical characteristics

Patients completed a demographic questionnaire that obtained information on age, gender, living arrangements, marital status, education, height and weight, and employment status. In addition, these patients completed the KPS scale that ranged from 40 (disabled; requires special care and assistance) to 100 (normal no complaints; no evidence of disease) [19, 20] and the Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire (SCQ-16) [21]. The SCQ-16 includes 16 common medical conditions and evaluates the occurrence of, treatment for, and functional impact of each of the comorbid conditions (i.e., heart disease, arthritis). Total SCQ-16 scores range from 0 to 48. The SCQ-16 has well established validity and reliability [21].

MSAS

The MSAS was used to evaluate the occurrence, severity, and distress of 32 symptoms commonly associated with cancer and its treatment. Using the MSAS, patients were asked to indicate whether they had experienced each symptom in the past week (i.e., symptom occurrence). If they had experienced the symptom, they were asked to rate its severity and distress using a 0 to 10 numeric rating scale. The validity and reliability of the MSAS are well established in studies of oncology inpatients and outpatients [22].

Study procedures

Oncologists or nurses approached patients prior to the initiation of chemotherapy to assess their interest in study participation. Then, patients were introduced to the research staff who explained the study; obtained written informed consent; and scheduled an appointment to perform the measures. The questionnaires were administered in the clinic or in the patient’s home prior to the initiation of chemotherapy. Research staff reviewed patients’ medical records for disease and treatment information.

Statistical analyses

Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 [23]. While no clear age cutoff or definition of an older cancer patient exists, consistent with the guidelines from the International Society of Geriatric Oncology [24], in this study, older was defined as a person ≥ 70 years of age. To evaluate for between group differences in symptom occurrence, severity, and distress ratings, Independent sample t-tests for continuous variables and Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables were used. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Of the 125 patients who completed the MSAS, 46.4% (n = 58) were YOA with a mean age of 65.4 (SD = 3.1) years and 53.6% (n = 67) were OA with a mean age 75.3 (SD = 4.9) years (Table 1).

Table 1 Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between younger older adults (YOA) and older adults (OA)
Full size table

Demographic and clinical characteristics

Except for age, employment status, and the occurrence of high blood pressure, no between groups differences were found in any of the demographic and clinical characteristics. Compared to the YOA, OA were less likely to be employed (i.e., 33.3% versus 1.6%, p < .001). In terms of high blood pressure, compared to the YOA group (24.1%), patients in the OA group (45.5%, p = .015) had a higher occurrence rate.

Differences in symptoms

No differences were found between the OA (9.6 (± 5.6)) and the YOA (11.0 (± 5.4)) in the mean number of symptoms reported (p = .169). As shown in Table 2, compared to the OA group, the YOA group reported significantly higher occurrence rates for two (6.2%) of the 32 MSAS symptoms (i.e., lack of energy, nausea). For 30 symptoms, no significant between group differences were found. Compared to the OA group, the YOA group reported significantly higher severity scores for difficulty swallowing and vomiting. Compared to the OA group, the YOA group reported significantly higher distress ratings for changes in skin and vomiting.

Table 2 Differences in symptom occurrence, severity, and distress between younger older adults and older adults
Full size table

Comparison of highest ranked symptoms

Table 3 list the symptoms with the highest occurrence rates and severity and distress scores for the two age groups. Occurrence rates for the top ten symptoms ranged from 46.6% to 87.7% and from 39.7% to 70.3% in the YOA versus OA groups, respectively. In terms of occurrence, nine of the ten symptoms were the same for both groups (i.e., lack of energy, pain, worrying, feeling drowsy, dry mouth, feeling bloated, difficulty sleeping, lack of appetite, constipation). The symptoms that were unique were: feeling sad in the YOA group and numbness/tingling in hands/feet in the OA group.

Table 3 Rankings of the top ten symptoms based on occurrence, severity, and distress between the younger older adults and older adults
Full size table

Severity and distress patterns indicate that the symptoms that were the most common, were not necessarily the ones that were the most severe or distressing. The most severe and distressing symptoms were more varied between the two groups than the occurrence of the symptoms. In the YOA, in terms of severity, twelve symptoms were included in Table 3, because four symptoms had the same score. In the OA, in terms of severity, thirteen symptoms were included in Table 3 because four of them had the same score. For severity, six symptoms were the same for both groups (i.e., problems with sexual interest/activity, changes in skin, hair loss, feeling bloated, problems with urination, I don’t look like myself). Symptoms that were unique to the YOA were: swelling of arms and legs, diarrhea, sweats, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, and shortness of breath. Symptoms that were unique to the OA were: constipation, lack of appetite, pain, mouth sores, dry mouth, changes in the way food tastes, and lack of energy. The severity scores for these symptoms ranged from 5.0 to 6.7 and from 4.5 to 5.3 in the YOA versus OA groups, respectively.

In the YOA, in terms of distress, eleven symptoms were included in Table 3, because two symptoms had the same score. In the OA, in terms of distress, eleven symptoms were included in Table 3 because five of them had the same score. For distress, six of the symptoms were the same in both groups (i.e., problems with urination, swelling of arms or legs, feeling nervous, worrying, I don’t look like myself, constipation). Symptoms that were unique for the YOA were: changes in skin, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, and problems with sexual interest/activity. Symptoms that were unique to the OA were: mouth sores, feeling sad, feeling bloated, pain, and lack of appetite. The mean distress scores for the symptoms ranged from 4.4 to 7.3 and from 4.0 to 5.2 in the YOA versus OA groups, respectively.

Of note, in the OA, pain, feeling bloated, lack of appetite, and constipation were in the top ten symptoms for all three dimensions of the symptom experience (i.e., occurrence, severity, distress). In the YOA, no symptom was in the top ten for all three dimensions of the symptom experience.

Discussion

This study is the first to perform a comprehensive evaluation of differences in multiple dimensions of the symptom experience between YOA and OA at initiation of chemotherapy. Of note, no differences were found in the total number of symptoms between the two age groups and overall symptom burden was similar. When significant differences were found, the YOA reported higher occurrence rates and higher severity and distress scores. Nine of the ten symptoms with highest occurrence rates were common for both age groups. For severity and distress, only half of the symptoms were common.

Similar to our previous study that compared older patients with low (< 2) and high (≥ 2) multimorbidity [25], as well as other studies [26,27,28], the symptoms with the highest occurrence rates were not always the most severe and/or the most distressing. Consistent with previous reports of older oncology patients [8, 10], while no age group differences were found, the mean number of symptoms in the YOA (11.0 ± 5.4) and OA (9.6 ± 5.6) equates with a moderate symptom burden at the initiation of chemotherapy [29]. This number of co-occurring symptoms suggests that both groups of older oncology patients have a moderate symptom burden prior to chemotherapy.

Symptom occurrence

While nine of the ten symptoms with the highest occurrence rates were common to both age groups, it is interesting to note that in the previous study that evaluated symptom occurrence across four age groups (i.e., 60–64, 65–69, 70–74, ≥ 75), four of five symptoms were common across the age groups [8]. Three of these symptoms (i.e., lack of energy, pain, feeling drowsy) were common across our two age groups. In addition, these three symptoms had high occurrence rates in our older age groups. This finding is not surprising given that previous reports confirm the high occurrence rates for each of these symptoms [30,31,32]. In addition, these three symptoms are known to be three of five symptoms (i.e., fatigue, pain, disturbed sleep, drowsiness, lack of appetite) in a “sickness behavior” cluster identified in oncology patients [33]. Of note, all five symptoms in the sickness behavior cluster were among the top ten symptoms reported by both of our age groups.

It is interesting to note, while in the previous study [8] worrying was not among the top five symptoms (range from 24.4 to 40.8%), in our sample, 69.0% of YOA and 54.5% of OA reported this symptom. One possible explanation for this inconsistent finding is that symptoms were assessed at different times (i.e., at the initiation of versus during treatment). This hypothesis is supported by a previous study [5], that suggested that patients are more worried prior to treatment because they do not yet know what to expect.

In contrast to the previous report, where older patients reported a significantly lower occurrence rate for problems with sexual interest and higher rates for lack of appetite, dizziness, and swelling of arms or legs [8], no differences were found between the two age groups in the current study. These inconsistent findings may be related to how age was categorized as well as differences in cancer diagnoses and treatments. However, the OA in our study reported significantly lower occurrence rates for lack of energy and nausea. One possible explanation for why the YOA in our study reported high occurrence rates for lack of energy is that they were more likely to be employed. People in their 60s still perform tasks and have roles that create additional stress [34]. In addition, the higher occurrence rate for nausea may be due to the fact that younger patients report higher rates of nausea [35].

Symptom severity

In terms of severity, only six symptoms were common between the YOA and OA. In addition, the severity scores for the top ten symptoms were in the moderate to severe range [36, 37] for the YOA (5.0 to 6.7) and OA (4.5 to 5.3). In contrast, the severity scores reported in the previous study of older adults [8] were in the slight to moderate range. One possible explanation for these inconsistent findings is that the symptoms were evaluated during treatment and these older oncology patients may have received more effective symptom management. These findings support the use of a multidimensional symptom assessment tool, like the MSAS, at initiation of chemotherapy.

Of note, in our OA, constipation and lack of appetite were the two unique symptoms among the top most severe and distressing. This finding is not surprising, given that the occurrence rate for constipation in our OA was 42.2% compared to rates of between 7.7% and 42.2% in the general population > 70 years of age [38]. In addition, constipation is known to increase with age in older community dwelling patients [39], and is reported to be one of the most troublesome symptoms in oncology patients [40]. Given that constipation can decrease oncology patients´ appetite and have detrimental effects on nutritional intake [40], clinicians need to assess for this symptom and initiate appropriate interventions.

For the YOA, vomiting was the unique symptom that had a significantly higher severity rating (i.e., 5.0 ± 2.0 versus 1.4 ± 1.9). While not in the top ten symptoms in terms of occurrence, vomiting was the second most distressing symptom for YOA and had a significantly higher distress score compared to the OA. While no differences in severity were found among the four age groups in the previous study [8], vomiting was one of the five most distressing symptoms in the youngest age group (60–64 years of age). It is not readily apparent why vomiting is ranked as more severe and distressing in the YOA at initiation of chemotherapy. However, our findings suggest that multiple dimensions of the symptom experience need to be assessed in older oncology patients.

In terms of difficulty swallowing, the YOA reported significantly higher severity ratings for this symptom (5.0 ± 2.2 versus 2.6 ± 1.7). This finding is consistent with a previous report of patients undergoing active cancer treatment [8], that found that as age increased, the severity of difficulty swallowing decreased in a linear fashion. Given that difficulty swallowing may result in malnutrition or aspiration pneumonia [41], clinicians need to assess for this symptom and initiate appropriate interventions.

Symptom distress

Similar to severity, only six symptoms were common between the YOA and OA and their distress ratings were in the moderate to severe range for the YOA (4.4 to 7.3) and OA (4.0 to 5.2). The distress scores for the four age groups in the previous study [8] were slightly lower in the oldest age group (≥ 75 years of age). A potential explanation for both the higher distress and severity scores in our study is the occurrence of metastatic disease. While in the previous study [8], only 22–43% of the patients had metastatic disease, in our study this rate was between 75% and 81%. As noted in another study [32], the presence of metastatic disease is associated with increased symptom severity and distress. While metastatic disease is known to be a significant source of anxiety and distress [42], it is interesting to note that the older oncology patients in the previous study [8] reported lower distress scores for feeling nervous than the patients in our study.

The three common distressing symptoms not discussed previously were: problems with urination, swelling of arms or legs, and “I don’t look like myself”. Given that our patients had either gynecological or colorectal cancer and more than 50% of them had surgery prior to chemotherapy, it is not surprising that problems with urination was a common symptom [43, 44]. In addition, while the occurrence rates for swelling of arms or legs were relatively low (i.e., 8.8% and 19.7%), this symptom may be associated with underlying cardiovascular problems, given that 10.3% of the YOA and 15.9% of the OA reported heart disease and 24.1% and 45.5% reported high blood pressure. While the risk of cardiovascular disease in the cancer population is 800% higher than that general population [45], our findings suggest that patients with this symptom warrant an evaluation for cardiovascular disease [46].

“I don’t look like myself” was another common symptom associated with moderate levels of distress. As noted in three previous reports [47,48,49], a plausible explanation for this finding may be that the diagnosis of cancer and its treatments, as well as associated functional limitations, constitute to negative perceptions of body image and body satisfaction.

One of the four unique symptoms and the most distressing symptom in the YOA was changes in skin. In addition, changes in skin was significantly higher in the YOA adults compared to the OA (7.3 ± 2.4 versus 3.5 ± 3.6), respectively. Compared to the previous study with four age groups [8], changes in skin was not among the top five symptoms in any of the age groups and no differences were found across the groups. The lower level of distress associated with changes in skin in the OA may reflect a “response shift” in their perception of this symptom. A “response shift“ is defined as a change in the meaning of one’s self-evaluation as a result of changes in values or internal standards [50]. This hypothesis warrants confirmation in future studies.

While cancer and/or its treatments are known to effect patients´ sexual functioning [51], it is interesting to note that problems with sexual interest/activity was among the most severe symptoms in both age groups. However, higher levels of distress for this symptom was unique to the YOA. Our findings are somewhat consistent with a previous study [8], that found that patients ≥ 75 years of age, did not report problems with sexual interest/activity as the most severe or distressing symptom. A possible explanation for these findings is that sexual activity and a desire for sexual intimacy exhibits inter-individual variability regardless of age [52].

Several limitations warrant consideration. Because the sample was primarily women with gynecological cancer, our findings may not generalize to men and to older adults with other types of cancer. In addition, the patients had a MoCA score of ≥ 23, were predominantly well educated, and had metastatic disease which suggest that these findings may not generalize to all older oncology patients. In addition, while the total sample was relatively large, the two age groups were relatively small. Therefore, findings from this study warrant replication in a larger sample. Finally, because patients needed to have KPS score of ≥ 60 to participate in this study, older adults with a potentially higher symptom burden were not evaluated.

Consistent with previous studies of older patients [8, 10,11,12], few age-related differences were found in the various dimensions of the symptom experience. When some age differences were identified, the specific symptoms with differences in occurrence, severity, or distress varied among studies [8, 10,11,12]. In addition, consistent with two previous reports [8, 10], symptom occurrence rates were similar between our two age groups. For symptom severity ratings, over 50% of the highest rated symptoms was unique in our age groups. For distress, the unique symptoms varied across studies (i.e., 100% [8], 50% in our study, and 20% [10]).

Conclusions

Taken together, these findings suggest that for the most prevalent, severe, and distressing symptoms in older oncology patients, age differences may be related to a variety of factors (i.e., cancer diagnosis, timing of the assessment, presence of metastatic disease). Oncology clinicians need to perform routine assessments of symptom severity and distress in older patients prior to treatment and initiate targeted symptom management interventions. This comprehensive evaluation of symptoms should be performed throughout treatment. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate for changes in older oncology patients´ symptom burden across their disease and treatment trajectories. Given that variability exists in the symptom experience of older oncology patients across heterogeneous types of cancer, future studies should evaluate for age-related differences within specific types of cancer.

Data Availability

Due to restrictions from the Regional Committee for Medical and Research Ethics, data for this study are not available, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ESAS:

Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale

KPS:

Karnofsky Performance Status

MoCA:

Montreal Cognitive Assessment

MSAS:

Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale

OA:

Older adults

SCQ-16:

Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire

SPSS:

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

WHO:

World Health Organization

YOA:

Younger older adults

References

  1. World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health World Health Organization.; 2021 [Available from: https://www.who.int/ageing/publications/world-report-2015/en/.

  2. Pilleron S, Sarfati D, Janssen-Heijnen M, Vignat J, Ferlay J, Bray F et al. Global cancer incidence in older adults, 2012 and 2035: A population-based study. Int J Cancer 2019;144(1):49-58.10.1002/ijc.31664.

  3. Reilly CM, Bruner DW, Mitchell SA, Minasian LM, Basch E, Dueck AC, et al. A literature synthesis of symptom prevalence and severity in persons receiving active cancer treatment. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(6):1525–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-012-1688-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Cleeland CS, Zhao F, Chang VT, Sloan JA, O’Mara AM, Gilman PB et al. The symptom burden of cancer: Evidence for a core set of cancer-related and treatment-related symptoms from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Symptom Outcomes and Practice Patterns study. Cancer. 2013;119(24):4333 – 40.10.1002/cncr.28376.

  5. Hong F, Blonquist TM, Halpenny B, Berry DL. Patient-reported symptom distress, and most bothersome issues, before and during cancer treatment. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2016;7:127–35. https://doi.org/10.2147/PROM.S95593.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Hurria A, Mohile S, Gajra A, Klepin H, Muss H, Chapman A et al. Validation of a Prediction Tool for Chemotherapy Toxicity in Older Adults With Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(20):2366 – 71.10.1200/JCO.2015.65.4327.

  7. Sud S, Lai P, Zhang T, Clemons M, Wheatley-Price P. Chemotherapy in the oldest old: the feasibility of delivering cytotoxic therapy to patients 80 years old and older. J Geriatr Oncol. 2015;6(5):395–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2015.07.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ritchie C, Dunn LB, Paul SM, Cooper BA, Skerman H, Merriman JD et al. Differences in the symptom experience of older oncology outpatients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;47(4):697-709.10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.017.

  9. Utne I, Løyland B, Grov EK, Paul S, Wong ML, Conley YP et al. Co-occuring symptoms in older oncology patients with distinct attentional function profiles. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2019;41:196-203.10.1016/j.ejon.2019.07.001.

  10. Oksholm T, Miaskowski C, Kongerud JS, Cooper B, Paul SM, Laerum L et al. Does age influence the symptom experience of lung cancer patients prior to surgery? Lung Cancer. 2013;82(1):156 – 61.10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.06.016.

  11. Bischel LE, Ritchie C, Kober KM, Paul SM, Cooper BA, Chen LM et al. Age differences in fatigue, decrements in energy, and sleep disturbance in oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2016;23:115 – 23.10.1016/j.ejon.2016.07.002.

  12. Cheung WY, Le LW, Gagliese L, Zimmermann C. Age and gender differences in symptom intensity and symptom clusters among patients with metastatic cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2011;19(3):417 – 23.10.1007/s00520-010-0865-2.

  13. Cataldo JK, Paul S, Cooper B, Skerman H, Alexander K, Aouizerat B et al. Differences in the symptom experience of older versus younger oncology outpatients: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer. 2013;13(6):6.10.1186/1471-2407-13-6.

  14. Sabharwal S, Wilson H, Reilly P, Gupte CM. Heterogeneity of the definition of elderly age in current orthopaedic research. Springerplus. 2015;4:516.10.1186/s40064-015-1307-x.

  15. Ritchie SJ, Tucker-Drob EM, Cox SR, Corley J, Dykiert D, Redmond P et al. Predictors of ageing-related decline across multiple cognitive functions. Intelligence. 2016;59:115 – 26.10.1016/j.intell.2016.08.007.

  16. Torstveit AH, Løyland B, Grov EK, Guren M, Paul SM, Ritchie C et al. Distinctions Between Self-Report and Performance-Based Measures of Physical Function in Older Patients Prior to Chemotherapy. Cancer Nurs. 2021;44(6):E735-e44.10.1097/ncc.0000000000000964.

  17. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695 – 9.10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.

  18. Schag CC, Heinrich RL, Ganz PA. Karnofsky performance status revisited: reliability, validity, and guidelines. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2(3):187 – 93.10.1200/JCO.1984.2.3.187.

  19. Ando M, Ando Y, Hasegawa Y, Shimokata K, Minami H, Wakai K et al. Prognostic value of performance status assessed by patients themselves, nurses, and oncologists in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 2001;85(11):1634 – 9.10.1054/bjoc.2001.2162.

  20. Schnadig ID, Fromme EK, Loprinzi CL, Sloan JA, Mori M, Li H et al. Patient-physician disagreement regarding performance status is associated with worse survivorship in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer. 2008;113(8):2205 – 14.10.1002/cncr.23856.

  21. Sangha O, Stucki G, Liang MH, Fossel AH, Katz JN. The Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire: a new method to assess comorbidity for clinical and health services research. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49(2):156 – 63.10.1002/art.10993.

  22. Portenoy RK, Thaler HT, Kornblith AB, Lepore JM, Friedlander-Klar H, Kiyasu E et al. The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale: an instrument for the evaluation of symptom prevalence, characteristics and distress. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(9):1326 – 36.10.1016/0959–8049(94)90182-1.

  23. SPSS. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Armonk. NY: IBM corp; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Extermann M, Aapro M, Bernabei R, Cohen HJ, Droz JP, Lichtman S et al. Use of comprehensive geriatric assessment in older cancer patients: recommendations from the task force on CGA of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;55(3):241 – 52.10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.06.003.

  25. Gaudernack HE, Hareide MM, Miaskowski C, Ritchie C, Loyland B, Grov EK et al. Symptom experience of older oncology patients with low versus high levels of multimorbidity prior to chemotherapy. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2021;54:102029.10.1016/j.ejon.2021.102029.

  26. Harris CS, Kober KM, Cooper B, Conley YP, Dhruva AA, Hammer MJ et al. Symptom clusters in outpatients with cancer using different dimensions of the symptom experience. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(8):6889 – 99.10.1007/s00520-022-07125-z.

  27. Pozzar RA, Hammer MJ, Cooper BA, Kober KM, Chen LM, Paul SM et al. Symptom Clusters in Patients With Gynecologic Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2021;48(4):441 – 52.10.1188/21.ONF.441–452.

  28. Tantoy IY, Dhruva A, Cataldo J, Venook A, Cooper BA, Paul SM et al. Differences in symptom occurrence, severity, and distress ratings between patients with gastrointestinal cancers who received chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy with targeted therapy. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2017;8(1):109 – 26.10.21037/jgo.2017.01.09.

  29. Miaskowski C, Paul SM, Harris CS, Shin J, Oppegaard K, Conley YP et al. Determination of Cutpoints for Symptom Burden in Oncology Patients Receiving Chemotherapy. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2022;63(1):42-51.10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.07.018.

  30. Al Maqbali M, Al Sinani M, Al Naamani Z, Al Badi K. Prevalence of fatigue in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2021;61(1):167–89. e14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hochstenbach LM, Joosten EA, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Janssen DJ. Update on Prevalence of Pain in Patients With Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2016;51(6):1070-90 e9.10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.340.

  32. Esther Kim JE, Dodd MJ, Aouizerat BE, Jahan T, Miaskowski C. A review of the prevalence and impact of multiple symptoms in oncology patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37(4):715 – 36.10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.04.018.

  33. Ward Sullivan C, Leutwyler H, Dunn LB, Miaskowski C. A review of the literature on symptom clusters in studies that included oncology patients receiving primary or adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(3–4):516 – 45.10.1111/jocn.14057.

  34. Cohen M. Depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms in older cancer patients: a comparison across age groups. Psychooncology. 2014;23(2):151 – 7.10.1002/pon.3383.

  35. Gupta K, Walton R, Kataria SP. Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Pathogenesis, Recommendations, and New Trends. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2021;26:100278.10.1016/j.ctarc.2020.100278.

  36. Paul SM, Zelman DC, Smith M, Miaskowski C. Categorizing the severity of cancer pain: further exploration of the establishment of cutpoints. Pain. 2005;113(1–2):37-44.10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.014.

  37. Serlin RC, Mendoza TR, Nakamura Y, Edwards KR, Cleeland CS. When is cancer pain mild, moderate or severe? Grading pain severity by its interference with function. Pain. 1995;61(2):277–. – 84.10.1016/0304–3959(94)00178-H.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. McCrea GL, Miaskowski C, Stotts NA, Macera L, Varma MG. A review of the literature on gender and age differences in the prevalence and characteristics of constipation in North America. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37(4):737 – 45.10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2008.04.016.

  39. Werth BL, Williams KA, Pont LG. A longitudinal study of constipation and laxative use in a community-dwelling elderly population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;60(3):418 – 24.10.1016/j.archger.2015.02.004.

  40. Moschen AR, Sammy Y, Marjenberg Z, Heptinstall AB, Pooley N, Marczewska AM. The Underestimated and Overlooked Burden of Diarrhea and Constipation in Cancer Patients. Curr Oncol Rep. 2022;24(7):861 – 74.10.1007/s11912-022-01267-3.

  41. Cichero JAY. Age-Related Changes to Eating and Swallowing Impact Frailty: Aspiration, Choking Risk, Modified Food Texture and Autonomy of Choice. Geriatrics (Basel). 2018;3(4).10.3390/geriatrics3040069.

  42. Niedzwiedz CL, Knifton L, Robb KA, Katikireddi SV, Smith DJ. Depression and anxiety among people living with and beyond cancer: a growing clinical and research priority. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):943.10.1186/s12885-019-6181-4.

  43. Nakayama N, Tsuji T, Aoyama M, Fujino T, Liu M. Quality of life and the prevalence of urinary incontinence after surgical treatment for gynecologic cancer: a questionnaire survey. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20(1):148.10.1186/s12905-020-01012-7.

  44. Karlsson L, Bock D, Asplund D, Ohlsson B, Rosenberg J, Angenete E. Urinary dysfunction in patients with rectal cancer: a prospective cohort study. Colorectal Dis. 2020;22(1):18-28.10.1111/codi.14784.

  45. Essa H, Lip GY. Palpitations in the Cancer Patient. Eur Cardiol. 2021;16:e45.10.15420/ecr.2021.44.

  46. Lyon AR, Dent S, Stanway S, Earl H, Brezden-Masley C, Cohen-Solal A et al. Baseline cardiovascular risk assessment in cancer patients scheduled to receive cardiotoxic cancer therapies: a position statement and new risk assessment tools from the Cardio-Oncology Study Group of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the International Cardio-Oncology Society. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(11):1945 – 60.10.1002/ejhf.1920.

  47. de Souto Barreto P, Ferrandez AM, Guihard-Costa AM. Predictors of body satisfaction: differences between older men and women’s perceptions of their body functioning and appearance. J Aging Health. 2011;23(3):505 – 28.10.1177/0898264310386370.

  48. Reboussin BA, Rejeski WJ, Martin KA, Callahan K, Dunn AL, King AC et al. Correlates of satisfaction with body function and body appearance in middle- and older aged adults: The activity counseling trial (ACT). Psychology & Health. 2000;15(2):239 – 54.10.1080/08870440008400304.

  49. Armbruster SD, Sun CC, Westin SN, Bodurka DC, Ramondetta L, Meyer LA et al. Prospective assessment of patient-reported outcomes in gynecologic cancer patients before and after pelvic exenteration. Gynecol Oncol. 2018;149(3):484 – 90.10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.03.054.

  50. Schwartz CE, Sprangers MA. Methodological approaches for assessing response shift in longitudinal health-related quality-of-life research. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48(11):1531 – 48.10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00047 – 7.

  51. Carter C, Lacchetti C, Andersen BL, Barton DL, Bolte S, Damast S et al. Interventions to Address Sexual Problems in People With Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Adaption of Cancer Care Ontario Guideline. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2018;36(5).10.1200/JCO.2017.

  52. Bond CB, Jensen PT, Groenvold M, Johnsen AT. Prevalence and possible predictors of sexual dysfunction and self-reported needs related to the sexual life of advanced cancer patients. Acta Oncol. 2019;58(5):769 – 75.10.1080/0284186X.2019.1566774.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the patients who generously gave their time to participate in the study, as well as the cancer clinics that facilitated access.

Funding

The research was funded by Oslo Metropolitan University. The study sponsor was not involved in the study design, data collection, analysis or interpretation, or in the writing of the manuscript, neither did they effect the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 32, 0166, Oslo, Norway

    Marlen Sunde Johannessen, Anne Grethe Kleven, Ellen Karine Grov, Martine Hareide, Henrik Gaudernack & Inger Utne

  2. School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Christine Miaskowski & Steven M. Paul

  3. Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Harvard, MA, USA

    Christine Seel Ritchie

Authors
  1. Marlen Sunde Johannessen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christine Miaskowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Anne Grethe Kleven
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christine Seel Ritchie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Steven M. Paul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ellen Karine Grov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Martine Hareide
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Henrik Gaudernack
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Inger Utne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MSJ, CM and IU had substantial contribution to conception, design, interpretation, and substantively revised the work. MSJ drafted the work and led the data analysis of this study. SMP made substantial contributions to in interpretation and analysis of data. AGK made substantial contribution to the acquisition of data and substantively revised the work. CSR had substantial contribution to conception and design of the study, and substantively revised the work. EKG, MH and HG made substantial contributions to the revision of the work. All authors have critically reviewed and approved the final version for submissions. In addition, all authors have agreed both to be personally accountable for the author’s own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Inger Utne.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Regional Committee for Medical and Research Ethics, Norway and the Institutional Review Board at each of the study sites approved the study (reference No. 2015/1277/REK southeast). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Ethical principles and scientific guidelines were followed throughout the research process.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Johannessen, M.S., Miaskowski, C., Kleven, A.G. et al. Age-related differences in the occurrence, severity, and distress of symptoms in older patients at the initiation of chemotherapy. BMC Geriatr 23, 481 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04198-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04198-1

Keywords

BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

Contact us