Skip to main content
Download PDF

Association of depressive disorders and dementia with mortality among older people with hip fracture

BMC Geriatrics volume 23, Article number: 135 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Hip fracture (HF) is a significant cause of mortality among older people. Almost half of the patients with HF have dementia, which increases the mortality risk further. Cognitive impairment is associated with depressive disorders (DDs) and both dementia and DDs are independent risk factors for poor outcome after HF. However, most studies that evaluate mortality risk after HF separate these conditions.

Aims

To investigate whether dementia with depressive disorders (DDwD) affects the mortality risk at 12, 24, and 36 months after HF among older people.

Methods

Patients with acute HF (n = 404) were included in this retrospective analysis of two randomized controlled trials performed in orthopedic and geriatric departments. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale and cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. A consultant geriatrician made final depressive disorder and dementia diagnoses using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria, with support from assessments and medical records. The 12-, 24- and 36-month mortality after HF was analyzed using logistic regression models adjusted for covariates.

Results

In analyses adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, pre-fracture walking ability, and fracture type, patients with DDwD had increased mortality risks at 12 [odds ratio (OR) 4.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75–12.51], 24 (OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.71–7.60), and 36 (OR 4.53, 95% CI 2.24–9.14) months. Similar results were obtained for patients with dementia, but not depressive disorders, alone.

Conclusion

DDwD is an important risk factor for increased mortality at 12, 24, and 36 months after HF among older people. Routinely assessments after HF for cognitive- and depressive disorders could identify patients at risk for increased mortality, and enable early interventions.

Trial registration

RCT2: International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register, trial registration number: ISRCTN15738119.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

The hip fracture (HF) incidence increases with age, and HF is a significant cause of mortality among older (aged < 60 years) people [1, 2]. The mortality risk increases shortly after HF, and persists for 10 years [3, 4]; predictors are high American Society of Anesthesiologists scores, pre-fracture mobility, and dementia [5, 6].

Almost half of patients sustaining HFs have dementia [6,7,8] and increased short- and long-term mortality [9, 10]. Cognitive impairment/dementia is associated with depressive disorders (DDs) [11, 12], which are more common among patients sustaining HF than in the general population [13, 14]. Older patients with DDs have an increased fall risk [15] and greater comorbidity burden [16]. Patients with DDs, in addition to comorbidity, have an increased 1-year mortality risk [17]. However, knowledge of DDs’ effect on mortality among patients sustaining HFs is limited.

DDs and dementia are independent predictors of poor outcomes and increased mortality risk after HF [18]. However, most studies that evaluate mortality risk after HF have separated these conditions, and to our knowledge, only one small study, has explored whether dementia with depressive disorders (DDwD) affects long-term mortality after HF surgery, which revealed a significantly increased 12-month mortality risk [19]. The present study has the aim to investigate whether DDwD affects the mortality risk at 12, 24, and 36 months after HF among older people.

Method

Study design and participants

Data used in this secondary analysis of 404 patients with acute HFs were from two randomized controlled trials (RCT1 and RCT2). Both RCT were performed in the orthopedic- and the geriatric departments of Umeå University Hospital, Sweden. RCT1 included 199 patients with femoral-neck fractures enrolled in May 2000-December 2002 [20]; RCT2 included 205 patients with femoral-neck and trochanteric-region fractures enrolled in May 2008-June 2011 [21]. Inclusion criteria for both studies were age ≥ 70 years and Umeå municipality residence. Exclusion criteria for RCT1 were severe rheumatoid arthritis/hip osteoarthritis, pathological/hospital-acquired HF, renal failure, and bedridden before the fracture occurred. Those for RCT2 were hospital-acquired/pathological HF. Both RCTs included patients with cognitive impairment or dementia.

Randomized controlled trials

Participants in both RCTs were randomized consecutively to intervention and control groups. In RCT1, participants in the intervention group received postoperative care according to a multifactorial rehabilitation program in a specialist orthopedic geriatric unit. Multidisciplinary teams performed comprehensive geriatric assessment, management, and rehabilitation to prevent, detect and treat early postoperative complications. Control participants received conventional postoperative care in a specialist orthopedic [20].

In RCT2, all patients received postoperative care in the geriatric orthopedic department according to the multifactorial rehabilitation program (now the standard of care, based on RCT1 results). The intervention focus was early discharge, with rehabilitation in patients’ homes supported by an interdisciplinary geriatrics team [21]. As no difference in survival was detected in either RCT, data from all participants were analyzed together.

Randomization, recruitment, and intervention contents have been described previously [20, 21]. Participants in both RCTs received written and oral information, and they or their next of kin provided consent. Participants and/or next of kin were informed that they could withdraw at any time with no repercussion. The RCTs were approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Umeå, Sweden (Dnr 00–137 and Dnr 08-053 M), and amendments for this study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr 2021–00,024 and Dnr 2021–00,681). All methods were performed in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Data collection

At baseline, research assistants (nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists) collected medical, functional, and social data from the patients, their relatives, and/or medical charts. In RCT1 and RCT 2, assessments were performed at 3–5 days postoperatively. Dates of death were collected from medical records.

Participants’ pre-fracture indoor walking ability was assessed [scale, 1 (no functional ability/need for two people’s assistance)–7 (normal function)] [22]. Walking device use was registered. Pre-fracture independence in personal and instrumental activity of daily living (ADL) was assessed using the Katz ADL index [23]. Patients’ vision (ability to read 5-mm block letters with/without glasses) and hearing (ability to hear normal speech with/without hearing aids for 1 m) were assessed.

Outcome measurements

The outcome was 12-, 24- and 36-month mortality following HF surgery. DDs diagnoses were based on current antidepressant treatment and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) scores (scores ≥ 5 indicate significant depressive symptoms) [24]. In addition, fluctuations of clinical state were observed and registered by the Organic Brain Syndrome scale (OBS scale) [25]. The GDS-15 has good sensitivity and specificity, even among very old people with low Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, for DDs detection according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Text revision (4.th ed.; DSM-IV-TR) [26, 27]. Cognitive function was assessed using the MMSE, (scores 0–30, scores ≤ 23 indicate significant cognitive impairment) [28].

At the end of the RCTs, a consultant geriatrician (YG), blinded to group allocation and not employed at the wards, set all diagnoses. The consultant geriatrician used all possible information from patient’s medical record (diagnoses, complications, and other important documentations), patient’s prescribed drugs and assessments performed in these RCTs (including the MMSE, GDS- 15, Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS) [29, 30], Katz ADL index, OBS Scale), as well as vision and hearing tests, to determine whether participants fulfilled the DMS-IV-TR criteria for DDs and dementia.

Statistics

Baseline characteristics were compared between surviving and deceased participants at 36 months after HF. Pearson’s chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to analyze categorical variables. Normally and non-normally distributed data were compared between groups using the independent-sample t and Mann–Whitney U test, respectively.

To identify independent factors predicting 36-month post-HF mortality; correlations between baseline variables were tested using Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficients (< 0.6 for all covariates) [31]. Univariate analysis was performed to examine unadjusted associations of potential risk factors with HF and increased mortality risk. Variables with p ≤ 0.10 (t or chi-squared test) were subjected to multivariable logistic regression using the forward stepwise conditional method [32]. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to identify factors associated with 12-, 24-, and 36-month mortality. Adjusted analysis was used to obtain ORs for depressive disorders with dementia (DDwD).

Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS (version 25; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). P < 0.05 was considered to indicate significance.

Results

Patients and descriptive

The sample comprised 404 patients [295 (73.0%) women, mean age 82.6 ± 6.5 years]. Most (87.5%) participants walked independently before HF. More participants who died than survived within 36 months had the comorbidities examined. Vision and hearing impairment frequencies did not differ significantly between groups. At baseline, 153 (38.5%) patients had DDs and 167 (41.3%) had dementia; 94 (23.3%) patients had DDwD. Fifty-nine (15.0%) had DDs without dementia and 72 (18.0%) had dementia without DDs. One patient with dementia could not perform assessment for DDs, and is missing (Table 1). DDs correlated weakly to moderately with dementia (r = 0.31).

Table 1 Study population characteristics and comparison of the 404 patients deceased or survived within 36 months after hip fracture. Continuous variables are presented with mean and standard deviation
Full size table

Mortality

The overall 36-month mortality rate was 41.6%; it was significantly higher among older patients, nursing home residents, and patients with pre-fracture personal ADL dependence. Significant differences between deceased and surviving participants were observed for the comorbidities examined (Table 1). Mortality was equivalent between participants in RCT1 and RCT2, and between intervention and control groups (data not shown).

Half of the patients who had died at 36 months had DDs (50.3%) or dementia (56.0%) preoperatively. Fifty-nine (35.8%) patients with DDwD,14.5% of those with DDs alone, and 20.6% of those with dementia alone died within 36 months.

The mortality risk among patients with dementia alone was increased at 12 (OR 4.05, 95% CI 1.52–10.79), 24 (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.38–5.98), and 36 (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.30–4.99) months. No significant increase was observed for those with DDs alone. Patients with DDwD had increased mortality risk at 12 (OR 4.67, 95% CI 1.75–12.51), 24 (OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.71–7.60), and 36 (OR 4.53, 95% CI 2.24–9.14) months (Table 2).

Table 2 Multivariable logistic regression of mortality risk at 12-, 24- and 36 months after a hip fracture with the combination of depressive disorders and dementia
Full size table

Discussion

The main finding in our study was that DDwD were significantly associated with increased 12-, 24- and 36-month mortality risk following HF. In addition, patients with dementia, without DDs, also had increased mortality risk at all three follow ups.

The mortality risk is the highest the first year after hip fracture, which is also supported in by Katsoulis et al.’s [3]. Factors that contribute most to the increased mortality risk the first year are co-morbidities and numerous postoperative complications, such as infections, cardiac- and pulmonary complications [9]. The mortality risk will persist to be high even on a long-term, were the underlying excess risk remains more unclear [3]. DDwD increases short- and long-term mortality risks [33, 34]. Our findings are supported by Bellelli et al.’s [19], report of an increased 12-month mortality risk following HF among patients with DDwD, but their sample was small and from a rehabilitation unit, and thus not representative of all people sustaining HFs.

DDs are significantly more common among patients with dementia than among cognitively intact individuals [12]. DDs in older people are often underdiagnosed, undertreated, or untreated [35] possibly due to their complexity and similarity to other cognitive and psychiatric diseases. DDs may be a risk factor, prodromal symptom, or a consequence of dementia [36]. Older people have different pathophysiology and clinical presentation of DDs, compared to younger patients [37]. Further, several factors, such as biological- and psychosocial mechanisms, can contribute and be the cause of DDs among older people [38, 39], requiring a focus on addressing underlying causes.

Findings from younger populations with DDs may not be applicable to older populations, in which drug treatment alone has limited effects [40], especially among those with dementia [41, 42]. Combined psychosocial/drug interventions may yield better outcomes for patients with dementia [43,44,45]. The assessment and treatment of underlying risk factors (e.g. malnutrition and drug-side effects) is also important. Thus, the identification of alternative treatments or prevention of DDs in this population is important.

DDs influence functional outcome negatively after HF [46,47,48], which may be contributed by difficulties in goal-setting, planning, and rehabilitation-initiation [49]. Patients with dementia alone, and combined with DDs, are provided less rehabilitation, which can partly be influenced by the attitudes of the clinical staff [50]. However, patients with dementia benefit similarly, to those without dementia, from rehabilitation in a specialized geriatric ward after HF [51].

The identification of DDs in older people after HF surgery enables early intervention and minimize negative impacts on recovery and mortality. Clinical staff should provide early screening, especially for patients with dementia, to detect these disorders and provide adequate treatment, if indicated.

Limitations of this study include the use of old data from two RCTs and the operative treatment has changed since these studies were performed [52, 53]. However, the post-HF mortality rate has not changed in the past 25 years [2]. Other confounders, such as time-to-surgery [54], time to standing up after surgery [55] and socioeconomic status [56] could be potential factors that might contribute to increased mortality risk, but data were not available in the present study. A study strength derives from the same comprehensive assessment using validated scales, inclusion criteria, and methods in both RCTs. In addition, the same consultant geriatrician made all DDs and dementia diagnoses using the DSM-IV TR criteria, reducing the misclassification risk. For these reasons, the merging of data from the two RCTs to acquire a larger sample was possible.

Conclusion

This study showed that patients with baseline DDwD have increased mortality risks at 12, 24, and 36 months after HF. Routinely assessments after HF for cognitive- and depressive disorders could identify patients at risk for increased mortality, and enable early interventions.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ADL:

Activity of daily living

CIs:

Confidence intervals

DDs:

Depressive disorders

DDwD:

Dementia with depressive disorders

DSM-IV TR:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition

GDS-15:

Geriatric Depression Scale

HF:

Hip fracture

MMSE:

Mini Mental state examination

OBS scale:

The Organic Brain Syndrome scale

OR:

Odds ratio

PGCMS:

Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale

RCT:

Randomized controlled trial

References

  1. Abrahamsen B, et al. Excess mortality following hip fracture: a systematic epidemiological review. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(10):1633–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Meyer AC, et al. Trends in Hip Fracture Incidence, Recurrence, and Survival by Education and Comorbidity: A Swedish Register-based Study. Epidemiology. 2021;32(3):425–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Katsoulis M, et al. Excess mortality after hip fracture in elderly persons from Europe and the USA: the CHANCES project. J Intern Med. 2017;281(3):300–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Haentjens P, et al. Meta-analysis: excess mortality after hip fracture among older women and men. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(6):380–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Smith T, et al. Pre-operative indicators for mortality following hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2014;43(4):464–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Söderqvist A, et al. Prediction of Mortality in Elderly Patients with Hip Fractures: A Two-Year Prospective Study of 1,944 Patients. Gerontology. 2009;55(5):496–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Baker NL, et al. Hip fracture risk and subsequent mortality among Alzheimer’s disease patients in the United Kingdom, 1988–2007. Age Ageing. 2011;40(1):49–54.

  8. Karlsson Å, et al. Effects of Geriatric Interdisciplinary Home Rehabilitation on Independence in Activities of Daily Living in Older People With Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101(4):571–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Berggren M, et al. Co-morbidities, complications and causes of death among people with femoral neck fracture - a three-year follow-up study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:120.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Hou M, et al. The effects of dementia on the prognosis and mortality of hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(12):3161–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sjöberg L, et al. Prevalence of depression: Comparisons of different depression definitions in population-based samples of older adults. J Affect Disord. 2017;221:123–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Snowden MB, et al. Longitudinal Association of Dementia and Depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;23(9):897–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pan CC, et al. Risk of hip fractures in patients with depressive disorders: A nationwide, population-based, retrospective, cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(4):e0194961.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Kim SY, et al. Depression and incident hip fracture: A longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(26):e16268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kvelde T, et al. Depressive Symptomatology as a Risk Factor for Falls in Older People: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(5):694–706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Read JR, et al. Multimorbidity and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017;221:36–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Guerini F, et al. Depressive symptoms and one year mortality among elderly patients discharged from a rehabilitation ward after orthopaedic surgery of the lower limbs. Behav Neurol. 2010;23(3):117–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Liu Y, Wang Z, Xiao W. Risk factors for mortality in elderly patients with hip fractures: a meta-analysis of 18 studies. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018;30(4):323–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bellelli G, et al. Depressive symptoms combined with dementia affect 12-months survival in elderly patients after rehabilitation post-hip fracture surgery. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(10):1073–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Stenvall M, et al. A multidisciplinary, multifactorial intervention program reduces postoperative falls and injuries after femoral neck fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(2):167–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Karlsson Å, et al. Effects of Geriatric Interdisciplinary Home Rehabilitation on Walking Ability and Length of Hospital Stay After Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(5):464.e9-464.e15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hasselgren-Nyberg L, Omgren M, Nyberg L, Gustafsson Y. Den svenska verionen av Physiotherapy Clinical Outcome Variables. Nordisk Fysioterapi. 1992;1:109–13.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Sonn U. Longitudinal studies of dependence in daily life activities among elderly persons. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1996;34:1–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin Gerontol. 1986;5(1–2):165–73.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Björkelund KB, et al. The Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS) scale: a systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21(3):210–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Almeida OP, Almeida SA. Short versions of the geriatric depression scale: a study of their validity for the diagnosis of a major depressive episode according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14(10):858–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Conradsson M, et al. Usefulness of the Geriatric Depression Scale 15-item version among very old people with and without cognitive impairment. Aging Ment Health. 2013;17(5):638–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–98.

  29. Lawton MP. Lawton’s PGC Morale Scale. 2003. Available from: https://www.abramsoncenter.org/media/1198/lawtons-pgc-moral-scale.pdf. Cited 2020 1005.

  30. Niklasson J, et al. Psychometric properties and feasibility of the Swedish version of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. Qual Life Res. 2015;24(11):2795–805.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA. Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(5):1763–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Bursac Z, et al. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3:17–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Petersen JD, et al. Major Depressive Symptoms Increase 3-Year Mortality Rate in Patients with Mild Dementia. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;2017:7482094.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Perna L, et al. Incident depression and mortality among people with different types of dementia: results from a longitudinal cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019;54(7):793–801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Unützer J. Diagnosis and treatment of older adults with depression in primary care. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52(3):285–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Aziz R, Steffens DC. What are the causes of late-life depression? Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(4):497–516.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Schaakxs R, et al. Age-related variability in the presentation of symptoms of major depressive disorder. Psychol Med. 2017;47(3):543–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Korten NCM, et al. Early and late onset depression in young and middle aged adults: Differential symptomatology, characteristics and risk factors? J Affect Disord. 2012;138(3):259–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wetherell JL, et al. Older adults are less accurate than younger adults at identifying symptoms of anxiety and depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197(8):623–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Wilkinson P, Izmeth Z. Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:Cd006727.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Banerjee S, et al. Sertraline or mirtazapine for depression in dementia (HTA-SADD): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2011;378(9789):403–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Weintraub D, et al. Sertraline for the Treatment of Depression in Alzheimer Disease: Week-24 Outcomes. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(4):332–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Areán PA, et al. Problem-solving therapy and supportive therapy in older adults with major depression and executive dysfunction. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(11):1391–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Gustavson KA, et al. Problem-Solving Therapy Reduces Suicidal Ideation In Depressed Older Adults with Executive Dysfunction. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(1):11–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Alexopoulos GS. Mechanisms and treatment of late-life depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):188–188.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Rathbun AM, et al. Persistence of depressive symptoms and gait speed recovery in older adults after hip fracture. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(7):875–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. DubljaninRaspopović E, et al. Do depressive symptoms on hospital admission impact early functional outcome in elderly patients with hip fracture? Psychogeriatrics. 2014;14(2):118–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Morghen S, et al. Moderate to severe depressive symptoms and rehabilitation outcome in older adults with hip fracture. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(11):1136–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Alexopoulos GS, et al. Anterior cingulate dysfunction in geriatric depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23(4):347–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bellelli G, et al. Does cognitive performance affect physical therapy regimen after hip fracture surgery? Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007;19(2):119–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Stenvall M, et al. A multidisciplinary intervention program improved the outcome after hip fracture for people with dementia–subgroup analyses of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(3):e284–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Sundkvist J, et al. Epidemiology, classification, treatment, and mortality of adult femoral neck and basicervical fractures: an observational study of 40,049 fractures from the Swedish Fracture Register. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021;16(1):561.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Wolf O, et al. Increased mortality after intramedullary nailing of trochanteric fractures: a comparison of sliding hip screws with nails in 19,935 patients. Acta Orthop. 2022;93:146–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Leer-Salvesen S, et al. Does time from fracture to surgery affect mortality and intraoperative medical complications for hip fracture patients? An observational study of 73 557 patients reported to the Norwegian Hip Fracture Register. Bone Joint J. 2019;101-b(9):1129–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kristensen PK, et al. Are process performance measures associated with clinical outcomes among patients with hip fractures? A population-based cohort study. Int J Qual Health Care. 2016;28(6):698–708.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kristensen PK, et al. Socioeconomic inequality in clinical outcome among hip fracture patients: a nationwide cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(4):1233–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the patients and staff in the orthopedic and geriatric departments at Umeå University Hospital, especially Anna Rehnmark, who helped with data merging. We also thank Eva Elinge, Monica Långström‐Berggren, Nina Lindelöf, Åsa Karlsson, and Michael Stenvall for helping with data collection, and Undis Englund, Helen Abrahamsson and Anita Persson for contributing to study development and implementation.

Funding

Open access funding provided by Umea University. This study was supported by the Vardal Foundation, Joint Committee of the Northern Health Region of Sweden (Visare Norr), ALF, JC Kempe Memorial Foundation, Foundation of the Medical Faculty of Umeå University, County Council of Västerbotten (“Dagmar,” “FoU,” and “Äldrecentrum Västerbotten”), Swedish Research Council, Grant K2005‐27VX‐15357‐01A, The Strategic Research Program in Care Sciences of Sweden (SFO-V), and the Swedish Dementia Foundation. The study sponsors were not involved in the study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation, manuscript writing, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

    Erika Olofsson, Lenita Lindgren & Birgitta Olofsson

  2. Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine Division, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

    Yngve Gustafson

  3. Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

    Sebastian Mukka

  4. Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy Division, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

    Eva Tengman

Authors
  1. Erika Olofsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yngve Gustafson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sebastian Mukka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Eva Tengman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lenita Lindgren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Birgitta Olofsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

EO analyzed, interpreted the patient data and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. YG analyzed all assessments, documentations, registered diagnosis and complications from patients’ medical records. The same consultant analyzed all assessment data and documentation to determine whether participants fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for DDs and dementia. BO collected the data in both RCTs. All authors contributed to the study concept and design, interpretation of data, read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erika Olofsson.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Participants in both RCTs received written and oral information, and they or their next of kin was consulted to provide written informed consent on their behalf. Participants and/or next of kin were informed that they could withdraw at any time with no repercussion. The RCTs were approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Umeå, Sweden (Dnr 00–137 and Dnr 08-053 M), and amendments for this study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr 2021–00024 and Dnr 2021–00681). All methods were performed in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Olofsson, E., Gustafson, Y., Mukka, S. et al. Association of depressive disorders and dementia with mortality among older people with hip fracture. BMC Geriatr 23, 135 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-03862-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-03862-w

Keywords

  • Dementia
  • Depressive disorders
  • Hip fracture
  • Mortality
  • Older people

BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

Contact us