Table 2 Summary of overarching themes
Authors | Animals as living beings | Reminiscence and stories | Caring | Respite | |||||||||
Resident animals Being responsible, meaningful activity | Visiting animals Being affectionate, being concerned | From loneliness | From institutional-isation | From symptoms of illness | From pain and anxiety [at end of life] | ||||||||
Casey et al. (2018) [34] | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
Cook et al. (2013) [35] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
Dookie (2013) [36] | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Fossey & Lawrence (2013) [37] | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
Freedman et al. (2021) [38] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
Gundersen & Johannessen (2018) [39] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Kawamura (2009) [40] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Kendziorski (1999) [41] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Kongable et al. (1990) [42] | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
Pitheckoff et al. (2018) [43] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Pooley (2007) [44] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Roenke & Mulligan (1998) [45] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
Savishinsky (1985) [46] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Swall et al. (2015) [47] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
Swall et al. (2016) [48] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
Swall et al. (2017) [49] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Swall et al. (2019) [50] | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Wong (2015) [51] | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
Wong & Breheny (2021) [52] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Zando (2017) [53] | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Authors | Sensory experience | Staff experiences | Animal | ||||||||||
Physical contact/ touching | Watching | Pleasure and joy | Calmness | Enhanced workplace | Seeing residents engage | Better caring culture | Increase workload | Distraction from care | Health, hygiene & safety concerns | Management support & organisation | Positive | Negative | |
Casey et al. (2018) [34] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Cook et al. (2013) [35] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Dookie (2013) [36] | |||||||||||||
Fossey & Lawrence (2013) [37] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Freedman et al. (2020) [38] | |||||||||||||
Gundersen & Johannessen (2018) [39] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Kawamura (2009) [40] | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Kendziorski (1999) [41] | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Kongable et al. (1990) [42] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
Pitheckoff et al. (2018) [43] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Pooley (2007) [44] | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Roenke & Mulligan (1998) [45] | ✓ | ||||||||||||
Savishinsky (1985) [46] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Swall et al. (2015) [47] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Swall et al. (2016) [48] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Swall et al. (2017) [49] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Swall et al. (2019) [50] | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
Wong (2015) [51] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Wong & Breheny (2021) [52] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
Zando (2017) [53] | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||