Table 1 Assessment of IC among older adults
Domains (scoring) | Measures | Description |
|---|---|---|
Cognition (0–27 scale) (recoded as 0 if scored 0–6, considered as cognitively impaired or demented, 1 if scored 7–11 considered as mild cognitive impairment and 2 if scored 12–27 considered as normal) [25] | Episodic memory | Based on Immediate word recall and delayed word recall. Immediate word recall refers to total number of words recalled from the given list of 10 words immediately. Delayed word recall refers to total number of words recalled from the same given list of 10 words after some delay (0–20 points) |
Working memory | Serial seven subtraction (0–5 points) | |
Attention | Backward counting (0–2 points) | |
Locomotion (recoded as 0, both gait and balance impaired, 1, either impaired and 2 neither impaired) [26] | Walking speed/Gait speed (Measure of functional capacity) | Time taken to walk a 4 m distance at usual pace |
Standing balance (Indicator of static balance, measured progressively from semi-tandem to either side-by-side or full tandem) | Test of standing balance that progressively gets more difficult (side-by-side stand, semi-tandem, full-tandem) | |
Sensory (recoded as 0, both vision and hearing impaired, 1, either impaired and 2 neither impaired) | Distance/ Near vision | Participants were asked to rate “How good is your eyesight for seeing things at a distance/ up close” & Diagnosed with eye or vision problem |
Hearing | Participants were asked regarding diagnosis of hearing related problem | |
Vitality (recoded as 0 if lower BMI/underweight, 1, normal weight and 2 higher BMI/overweight or obese) [14] | BMI (Indicator of obesity and the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure) | Body Mass Index (BMI) refers to weight in kilograms divided by height in meter square (kg/m2). BMI levels have been classified according to WHO classifications: underweight ≤ 18.4; normal = 18.5 to 24.9; overweight = 25.0 to 29.9; obese ≥ 30.0 |
Psychological (0–30 scale) (recoded as 0 if scored 20–30, considered as severe symptoms, 1 if scored 10–20, considered as mild symptoms and 2 if scored 0–10, considered as no/minimal depression symptoms) | The Centre for Epidemiological Scale of Depression (CES-D) scale | Self-report depression scale of CES-D with a score ranging from 0 to 30, the higher score representing higher depressive symptoms |