Table 4 Baseline characteristics of participants in three groups
|  | No-sarcopenic (n = 573) | Possible sarcopenia (n = 81) | Sarcopenia (n = 75) | F/Z/χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Â | Â | Â | 3.614 | 0.164 |
 male | 198 (0.82) | 20 (0.08) | 22 (0.09) |  |  |
 female | 375 (0.77) | 61 (0.13) | 53 (0.11) |  |  |
Age (years) | 66.52 ± 5.52 | 68.73 ± 5.77 | 72.96 ± 7.20 | 44.063 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.50 ± 3.22 | 26.04 ± 3.11 | 21.93 ± 2.64 | 45.740 | < 0.001 |
Body fat percentage (%) | 33.96 ± 7.04 | 36.02 ± 6.93 | 31.67 ± 7.49 | 7.351 | 0.001 |
Hypertension | Â | Â | Â | 0.823 | 0.663 |
 Yes | 422 (0.79) | 56 (0.11) | 56 (0.11) |  |  |
 No | 151 (0.77) | 25 (0.13) | 19 (0.10) |  |  |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | 68.58 ± 8.70 | 67.27 ± 8.64 | 69.93 ± 8.77 | 1.822 | 0.162 |
Diabetes mellitus | Â | Â | Â | 9.635 | 0.008 |
 Yes | 82 (0.75) | 21 (0.19) | 7 (0.06) |  |  |
 No | 491 (0.79) | 60 (0.10) | 68 (0.11) |  |  |
Osteoporosis | Â | Â | Â | 0.348 | 0.840 |
 Yes | 52 (0.76) | 9 (0.13) | 7 (0.10) |  |  |
 No | 521 (0.79) | 72 (0.11) | 68 (0.10) |  |  |
Hyperlipidemia | Â | Â | Â | 5.120 | 0.077 |
 Yes | 104 (0.75) | 23 (0.17) | 12 (0.09) |  |  |
 No | 461 (0.79) | 58 (0.10) | 63 (0.11) |  |  |
Arthritis | Â | Â | Â | 8.547 | 0.014 |
 Yes | 67 (0.67) | 18 (0.18) | 14 (0.14) |  |  |
 No | 506 (0.80) | 63 (0.10) | 61 (0.10) |  |  |
Number of diseases | 1 (1,2) | 2 (1,4) | 1 (0,3) | 11.317 | 0.003 |
PSQI | 9 (5,13) | 8 (5,14) | 10 (6,15) | 1.522 | 0.467 |
Score of MMSE | 27.48 ± 2.70 | 27.11 ± 2.80 | 26.39 ± 3.41 | 5.373 | 0.005 |
Education background | Â | Â | Â | 13.965 | 0.007 |
 Primary school or below | 33 (0.69) | 8 (0.17) | 7 (0.15) |  |  |
 Secondary school or technical secondary school | 473 (0.80) | 66 (0.11) | 50 (0.09) |  |  |
 University, college or above | 67 (0.73) | 7 (0.08) | 18 (0.20) |  |  |
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | 0.235 | 0.889 |
 Yes | 59 (0.78) | 8 (0.10) | 9 (0.12) |  |  |
 No | 514 (0.79) | 73 (0.11) | 66 (0.10) |  |  |
Frequency of alcohol consumption | Â | Â | Â | 11.598 | 0.021 |
 More than 3 times/week | 52 (0.90) | 3 (0.05) | 3 (0.05) |  |  |
 1–3 times/week | 426 (0.76) | 71 (0.13) | 65 (0.12) |  |  |
 No | 95 (0.87) | 7 (0.06) | 7 (0.06) |  |  |
Type of staple food | Â | Â | Â | 2.611 | 0.625 |
 Refined grain | 315 (0.80) | 50 (0.12) | 44 (0.11) |  |  |
 Refined grain and coarse food grain are equal | 206 (0.80) | 26 (0.10) | 27 (0.10) |  |  |
 Coarse food grain | 52 (0.85) | 5 (0.08) | 4 (0.07) |  |  |
Habit of drinking milk | Â | Â | Â | 4.977 | 0.547 |
 Every day | 227 (0.76) | 36 (0.12) | 37 (0.12) |  |  |
 4–6 times/week | 70 (0.81) | 9 (0.10) | 7 (0.08) |  |  |
 1–3 times/week | 90 (0.77) | 16 (0.14) | 11 (0.09) |  |  |
 No | 186 (0.82) | 20 (0.09) | 20 (0.09) |  |  |
Bowel movements | Â | Â | Â | 3.564 | 0.168 |
 at least once a day | 486 (0.79) | 71 (0.12) | 58 (0.09) |  |  |
 Once every 2 days or above | 87 (0.76) | 10 (0.09) | 17 (0.15) |  |  |
Means of transport | Â | Â | Â | 2.290 | 0.318 |
 Relatively high-intensity means of transport | 227 (0.79) | 28 (0.10) | 32 (0.11) |  |  |
 Relatively low-intensity means of transport | 296 (0.76) | 53 (0.14) | 43 (0.11) |  |  |
 Sedentary time (minutes) | 371.38 ± 99.35 | 410.74 ± 99.34 | 423.60 ± 106.92 | 13.001 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity level |  |  |  | 40.553 | < 0.001 |
 Low level | 51 (0.59) | 15 (0.17) | 20 (0.23) |  |  |
 Moderate level | 304 (0.76) | 54 (0.14) | 41 (0.10) |  |  |
 High level | 218 (0.89) | 12 (0.05) | 14 (0.06) |  |  |