Hand grip strength variability during serial testing as an entropic biomarker of aging: a Poincaré plot analysis

BMC Geriatrics

Table 5 Comparison of recorded parameters between young and older groups

Parameters	Young group (n = 80), mean ± SD	Older group (n = 80), mean ± SD	U	z	p	r
HGS, D (kgf)	36.46 ± 11.83	25.54 ± 8.25	1472	5.90	≤ 0.05	0.66
Fatigue, D (%)	20.21 ± 9.15	41.42 ± 15.78	806.5	−8,17	≤ 0.05	−0.91
SD₁, D (kgf)	1.19 ± 0.39	1.60 ± 0.26	1090	−7.20	≤ 0.05	−0.80
SD₂, D (kgf)	3.40 ± 1.08	5.76 ± 1.71	816	−8.13	≤ 0.05	−0.91
SD₁/SD₂, D	0.36 ± 0.12	0.32 ± 0.17	2015	4.04	≤ 0.05	0.45
AFE, D (kgf²)	13.34 ± 9.36	28.53 ± 8.66	551.5	−9.04	≤ 0.05	−1.01
HGS, ND (kgf)	33.38 ± 11.27	22.39 ± 7.49	1379.5	6.21	≤ 0.05	0.69
Fatigue, ND (%)	21.78 ± 10.68	46.23 ± 12.86	520	−9.14	≤ 0.05	−1.02
SD₁, ND (kgf)	1.13 ± 0.33	1.54 ± 0.25	989	−7.54	≤ 0.05	−0.84
SD₂, ND (kgf)	3.38 ± 1.18	5.54 ± 1.68	889.5	−7.88	≤ 0.05	−0.88
SD₁/SD₂, ND	0.36 ± 0.13	0.31 ± 0.12	2361.5	2.86	≤ 0.05	0.32
AFE, ND (kgf²)	12.52 ± 7.65	26.80 ± 8.87	533.5	−9.10	≤ 0.05	−1.02

HGS hand grip strength, D dominant, ND nondominant, SD standard deviation, AFE area of the fitting ellipse, n number of subjects, U Mann–Whitney’s U-test values, z scores, p thresholds of statistical significance, r effect size coefficient

ISSN: 1471-2318