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Table 1 Variables characterizing each cluster in the study at baseline and at the end of the study (N = 916,619)

From: Multimorbidity patterns, polypharmacy and their association with liver and kidney abnormalities in people over 65 years of age: a longitudinal study

Variables

Cluster 1 - Non-Specific

Cluster 2 - Eye Impairment and Mental

Cluster 3 - Minority Metabolic Autoimmune-Inflammatory

Cluster 4 - Cardio-Circulatory and Renal

Cluster 5 - Cardio-Circulatory, Mental, Respiratory and Genitourinary

Cluster 6 - Neurological, Digestive and Circulatory

Cluster 7 - Respiratory and Ear

Cluster 8 - Digestive

Cluster 9 - Neurological, Musculoskeletal and minor

Cluster 10 - Multisystem Pattern

Overall (patients alive)

N2012=384787 (42.0%) - N2016=258700 (34.8%)

N2012=177087 (19.3%) - N2016=155008 (20.8%)

N2012=72190 (7.9%) - N2016=73237 (9.8%)

N2012=60192 (6.6%) - N2016=46244 (6.2%)

N2012=54324 (5.9%) - N2016=45463 (6.1%)

N2012=42422 (4.6%) - N2016=41120 (5.5%)

N2012=41644 (4.5%) - N2016=38961 (5.2%)

N2012=35692 (3.9%) - N2016=31744 (4.3%)

N2012=33283 (3.6%) - N2016=36522 (4.9%)

N2012=14998 (1.6%) - N2016=16828 (2.3%)

N2012=916619 - N2016= 743827

Sex:

 Female

201958 (52.5%) - 137931 (53.3%)

130572 (73.7%) - 113574 (73.3%)

31395 (43.5%) - 31490 (43.0%)

42638 (70.8%) - 32786 (70.9%)

3618 (6.7%) - 2902 (6.4%)

23577 (55.6%) - 22601 (55.0%)

31143 (74.8%) - 28838 (74.0%)

19915 (55.8%) - 17846 (56.2%)

30830 (92.6%) - 33718 (92.3%)

13485 (89.9%) - 15005 (89.2%)

529131 (57.8%) - 436691 (58.7%)

 Male

182829 (47.5%) - 120769 (46.7%)

46515 (26.3%) - 41434 (26.7%)

40795 (56.5%) - 41747 (57.0%)

17554 (29.2%) - 13458 (29.1%)

50706 (93.3%) - 42561 (93.6%)

18845 (44.4%) - 18519 (45.0%)

10501 (25.2%) - 10123 (26.0%)

15777 (44.2%) - 13898 (43.8%)

2453 (7.4%) - 2804 (7.7%)

1513 (10.1%) - 1823 (10.8%)

387488 (42.2%) - 307136 (41.3%)

Patients with Multimorbidity:

323153 (84.0%) - 238466 (92.2%)

176734 (99.8%) - 154922 (99.9%)

71562 (99.1%) - 73039 (99.7%)

60192 (100.0%) - 46243 (100.0%)

54318 (100.0%) - 45463 (100.0%)

42126 (99.3%) - 41020 (99.8%)

41413 (99.4%) - 38885 (99.8%)

35306 (98.9%) - 31628 (99.6%)

33283 (100.0%) - 36522 (100.0%)

14998 (100.0%) - 16828 (100.0%)

853085 (93.1%) - 723016 (97.2%)

Patients with Polypharmacy:

122956 (32.0%) - 84206 (32.5%)

110504 (62.4%) - 99185 (64.0%)

43115 (59.7%) - 44500 (60.8%)

51759 (86.0%) - 40528 (87.6%)

43829 (80.7%) - 38159 (83.9%)

30644 (72.2%) - 29788 (72.4%)

29416 (70.6%) - 28254 (72.5%)

20336 (57.0%) - 18717 (59.0%)

22739 (68.3%) - 25338 (69.4%)

12204 (81.4%) - 13710 (81.5%)

487502 (53.2%) - 422385 (56.8%)

Age (Mean):

74.8 - 73.3

74.2 - 73.5

75.9 - 74.5

80.6 - 78.3

76.7 - 75.0

78.7 - 76.3

75.3 - 74.0

74.8 - 73.6

72.8 - 72.5

76.9 - 75.8

75.5 - 74.1

Age (n,%):

 [65,70)

121226 (31.5%) - 96106 (37.1%)

55687 (31.4%) - 52749 (34.0%)

17825 (24.7%) - 21292 (29.1%)

4711 (7.8%) - 5461 (11.8%)

10906 (20.1%) - 11395 (25.1%)

5578 (13.1%) - 7904 (19.2%)

10981 (26.4%) - 12061 (31.0%)

10135 (28.4%) - 10472 (33.0%)

12210 (36.7%) - 13773 (37.7%)

2919 (19.5%) - 3788 (22.5%)

252178 (27.5%) - 235001 (31.6%)

 [70,80)

162009 (42.1%) - 113532 (43.9%)

81567 (46.1%) - 72827 (47.0%)

31466 (43.6%) - 34163 (46.6%)

20490 (34.0%) - 20320 (43.9%)

24074 (44.3%) - 22198 (48.8%)

16968 (40.0%) - 19730 (48.0%)

19002 (45.6%) - 18753 (48.1%)

16359 (45.8%) - 15101 (47.6%)

16152 (48.5%) - 17933 (49.1%)

6499 (43.3%) - 7863 (46.7%)

394586 (43.1%) - 342420 (46%)

 [80,90)

86495 (22.5%) - 44749 (17.3%)

36744 (20.7%) - 27946 (18.0%)

20059 (27.8%) - 16495 (22.5%)

29143 (48.4%) - 18693 (40.4%)

17052 (31.4%) - 11113 (24.4%)

16937 (39.9%) - 12481 (30.4%)

10335 (24.8%) - 7616 (19.5%)

8316 (23.3%) - 5851 (18.4%)

4747 (14.3%) - 4682 (12.8%)

4916 (32.8%) - 4798 (28.5%)

234744 (25.6%) - 154424 (20.8%)

 [90,99]

15057 (3.9%) - 4313 (1.7%)

3089 (1.7%) - 1486 (1.0%)

2840 (3.9%) - 1287 (1.8%)

5848 (9.7%) - 1770 (3.8%)

2292 (4.2%) - 757 (1.7%)

2939 (6.9%) - 1005 (2.4%)

1326 (3.2%) - 531 (1.4%)

882 (2.5%) - 320 (1.0%)

174 (0.5%) - 134 (0.4%)

664 (4.4%) - 379 (2.3%)

35111 (3.8%) - 11982 (1.6%)

MEDEA:

 R

82025 (22.7%) - 54244 (21.6%)

33553 (20.0%) - 29758 (19.8%)

15314 (22.7%) - 15667 (22.0%)

12276 (23.5%) - 9279 (20.7%)

9282 (19.1%) - 7490 (17.1%)

8888 (23.7%) - 8089 (20.4%)

7512 (19.4%) - 7006 (18.6%)

6396 (19.8%) - 5650 (18.4%)

4888 (15.4%) - 5456 (15.4%)

2115 (15.3%) - 2350 (14.5%)

182249 (21.4%) - 144989 (20.1%)

 U1

67060 (18.6%) - 47089 (18.8%)

26625 (15.9%) - 23782 (15.8%)

10987 (16.3%) - 11839 (16.6%)

8247 (15.8%) - 7255 (16.2%)

7144 (14.7%) - 6673 (15.2%)

6691 (17.8%) - 7247 (18.3%)

5657 (14.6%) - 5535 (14.7%)

5534 (17.1%) - 5400 (17.6%)

4306 (13.5%) - 4983 (14.1%)

2540 (18.4%) - 2975 (18.3%)

144791 (17.0%) - 122778 (17.0%)

 U2

58542 (16.2%) - 41383 (16.5%)

27027 (16.1%) - 24586 (16.3%)

10976 (16.3%) - 11809 (16.6%)

8048 (15.4%) - 7160 (16.0%)

7442 (15.3%) - 7043 (16.0%)

5862 (15.6%) - 6555 (16.6%)

6062 (15.6%) - 5999 (15.9%)

5202 (16.1%) - 5056 (16.4%)

4964 (15.6%) - 5641 (15.9%)

2306 (16.7%) - 2806 (17.3%)

136431 (16.0%) - 118038 (16.4%)

 U3

57967 (16.0%) - 40622 (16.2%)

27628 (16.5%) - 25111 (16.7%)

10665 (15.8%) - 11607 (16.3%)

8076 (15.5%) - 7179 (16.0%)

8077 (16.6%) - 7486 (17.1%)

6116 (16.3%) - 6568 (16.6%)

6409 (16.5%) - 6301 (16.7%)

5192 (16.1%) - 5090 (16.6%)

5745 (18.1%) - 6362 (18.0%)

2347 (17.0%) - 2796 (17.2%)

138222 (16.2%) - 119122 (16.5%)

 U4

52828 (14.6%) - 37452 (14.9%)

27931 (16.6%) - 25006 (16.6%)

10526 (15.6%) - 10980 (15.4%)

7832 (15.0%) - 6990 (15.6%)

8361 (17.2%) - 7777 (17.7%)

5329 (14.2%) - 5952 (15.0%)

6730 (17.4%) - 6644 (17.6%)

5194 (16.1%) - 4974 (16.2%)

6003 (18.9%) - 6580 (18.6%)

2254 (16.3%) - 2724 (16.8%)

132988 (15.6%) - 115079 (16.0%)

 U5

42956 (11.9%) - 30178 (12.0%)

25050 (14.9%) - 22140 (14.7%)

8855 (13.2%) - 9253 (13.0%)

7775 (14.9%) - 6880 (15.4%)

8236 (17.0%) - 7432 (16.9%)

4686 (12.5%) - 5164 (13.0%)

6378 (16.5%) - 6282 (16.6%)

4805 (14.9%) - 4572 (14.9%)

5894 (18.5%) - 6379 (18.0%)

2248 (16.3%) - 2593 (16.0%)

116883 (13.7%) - 100873 (14.0%)

N. Chronic diseases, median [IQR]:

4.0 [2.0;5.0] - 5.0 [3.0;6.0]

6.0 [5.0;8.0] - 8.0 [6.0;9.0]

7.0 [5.0;8.0] - 8.0 [6.0;10.0]

9.0 [7.0;11.0] - 10.0 [8.0;12.0]

8.0 [7.0;10.0] - 10.0 [8.0;12.0]

7.0 [5.0;9.0] - 9.0 [6.0;11.0]

7.0 [5.0;9.0] - 9.0 [7.0;11.0]

7.0 [5.0;9.0] - 8.0 [6.0;11.0]

9.0 [7.0;10.0] - 10.0 [9.0;12.0]

11.0 [10.0;13.0] - 13.0 [11.0;15.0]

6.0 [4.0;8.0] - 7.0 [5.0;10.0]

N. Chronic diseases (n,%):

 0

25380 (6.6%) - 6584 (2.5%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

25380 (2.8%) - 6584 (0.9%)

 1

36254 (9.4%) - 13650 (5.3%)

353 (0.2%) - 86 (0.1%)

628 (0.9%) - 198 (0.3%)

0 (0.0%) - 1 (0.0%)

6 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

296 (0.7%) - 100 (0.2%)

231 (0.6%) - 76 (0.2%)

386 (1.1%) - 116 (0.4%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%) - 0 (0.0%)

38154 (4.2%) - 14227 (1.9%)

 [ 2, 5)

201282 (52.3%) - 108605 (42.0%)

30742 (17.4%) - 11516 (7.4%)

13785 (19.1%) - 7640 (10.4%)

1809 (3.0%) - 549 (1.2%)

1974 (3.6%) - 506 (1.1%)

6032 (14.2%) - 3276 (8.0%)

5751 (13.8%) - 2428 (6.2%)

6751 (18.9%) - 3105 (9.8%)

698 (2.1%) - 173 (0.5%)

12 (0.1%) - 1 (0.0%)

268836 (29.3%) - 137799 (18.5%)

 [ 5,10)

120673 (31.4%) - 126309 (48.8%)

132238 (74.7%) - 111530 (72.0%)

47338 (65.6%) - 44773 (61.1%)

32584 (54.1%) - 17095 (37.0%)

34571 (63.6%) - 19151 (42.1%)

25615 (60.4%) - 21911 (53.3%)

25450 (61.1%) - 20204 (51.9%)

21261 (59.6%) - 17305 (54.5%)

20365 (61.2%) - 13811 (37.8%)

3614 (24.1%) - 1583 (9.4%)

463709 (50.6%) - 393672 (52.9%)

 ≥10

1198 (0.3%) - 3552 (1.4%)

13754 (7.8%) - 31876 (20.6%)

10439 (14.5%) - 20626 (28.2%)

25799 (42.9%) - 28599 (61.8%)

17773 (32.7%) - 25806 (56.8%)

10479 (24.7%) - 15833 (38.5%)

10212 (24.5%) - 16253 (41.7%)

7294 (20.4%) - 11218 (35.3%)

12220 (36.7%) - 22538 (61.7%)

11372 (75.8%) - 15244 (90.6%)

120540 (13.2%) - 191545 (25.8%)

N. of drugs, median [IQR]:

3.0 [1.0;5.0] - 3.0 [1.0;5.0]

6.0 [3.0;8.0] - 6.0 [4.0;8.0]

5.0 [3.0;8.0] - 5.0 [3.0;8.0]

8.0 [6.0;11.0] - 8.0 [6.0;11.0]

8.0 [5.0;10.0] - 6.0 [8.0;10.0]

7.0 [4.0;10.0] - 7.0 [4.0;9.0]

7.0 [4.0;10.0] - 7.0 [4.0;10.0]

5.0 [3.0;8.0] - 5.0 [3.0;8.0]

6.0 [4.0;9.0] - 6.0 [4.0;9.0]

8.0 [5.0;11.0] - 8.0 [5.0;10.0]

5.0 [2.0;8.0] - 5.0 [3.0;8.0]

N. of drugs (n,%):

 0

82698 (21.5%) - 41989 (16.2%)

9688 (5.5%) - 5355 (3.5%)

5408 (7.5%) - 3759 (5.1%)

2540 (4.2%) - 761 (1.6%)

2186 (4.0%) - 800 (1.8%)

2815 (6.6%) - 1463 (3.6%)

2366 (5.7%) - 1293 (3.3%)

3597 (10.1%) - 2199 (6.9%)

1473 (4.4%) - 1068 (2.9%)

597 (4.0%) - 265 (1.6%)

113368 (12.4%) - 58952 (7.9%)

 1

39683 (10.3%) - 28971 (11.2%)

6639 (3.7%) - 5728 (3.7%)

3467 (4.8%) - 3626 (5.0%)

505 (0.8%) - 353 (0.8%)

929 (1.7%) - 624 (1.4%)

1161 (2.7%) - 1257 (3.1%)

1246 (3.0%) - 1222 (3.1%)

2083 (5.8%) - 1822 (5.7%)

1159 (3.5%) - 1305 (3.6%)

210 (1.4%) - 283 (1.7%)

57082 (6.2%) - 45191 (6.1%)

 [ 2, 5)

139450 (36.2%) - 103534 (40.0%)

50256 (28.4%) - 44740 (28.9%)

20200 (28.0%) - 21352 (29.2%)

5388 (9.0%) - 4602 (10.0%)

7380 (13.6%) - 5880 (12.9%)

7802 (18.4%) - 8612 (20.9%)

8616 (20.7%) - 8192 (21.0%)

9676 (27.1%) - 9006 (28.4%)

7912 (23.8%) - 8811 (24.1%)

1987 (13.2%) - 2570 (15.3%)

258667 (28.2%) - 217299 (29.2%)

 [ 5,10)

108886 (28.3%) - 76263 (29.5%)

88542 (50.0%) - 79758 (51.5%)

32682 (45.3%) - 34143 (46.6%)

28606 (47.5%) - 23462 (50.7%)

26833 (49.4%) - 23058 (50.7%)

19941 (47.0%) - 20083 (48.8%)

18623 (44.7%) - 18442 (47.3%)

14879 (41.7%) - 13799 (43.5%)

16599 (49.9%) - 18510 (50.7%)

7090 (47.3%) - 8278 (49.2%)

362681 (39.6%) - 315796 (42.5%)

 ≥10

14070 (3.7%) - 7943 (3.1%)

21962 (12.4%) - 19427 (12.5%)

10433 (14.5%) - 10357 (14.1%)

23153 (38.5%) - 17066 (36.9%)

16996 (31.3%) - 15101 (33.2%)

10703 (25.2%) - 9705 (23.6%)

10793 (25.9%) - 9812 (25.2%)

5457 (15.3%) - 4918 (15.5%)

6140 (18.4%) - 6828 (18.7%)

5114 (34.1%) - 5432 (32.3%)

124821 (13.6%) - 106589 (14.3%)

N. of visits, median [IQR]:

7.0 [3.0;12.0] - 7.0 [3.0;12.0]

10.0 [6.0;16.0] - 10.0 [6.0;16.0]

10.0 [6.0;17.0] - 10.0 [6.0;18.0]

20.0 [11.0;32.0] - 22.0 [11.0;34.0]

14.0 [9.0;23.0] - 15.0 [9.0;25.0]

12.0 [7.0;20.0] - 12.0 [7.0;21.0]

12.0 [7.0;20.0] - 12.0 [7.0;20.0]

11.0 [6.0;19.0] - 11.0 [6.0;19.0]

12.0 [8.0;19.0] - 12.0 [8.0;19.0]

15.0 [9.0;23.0] - 15.0 [9.0;24.0]

9.0 [5.0;16.0] - 10.0 [5.0;17.0]

N. of visits (n,%):

 0

36975 (9.6%) - 17397 (6.7%)

3722 (2.1%) - 2380 (1.5%)

1839 (2.5%) - 1335 (1.8%)

863 (1.4%) - 390 (0.8%)

763 (1.4%) - 395 (0.9%)

1147 (2.7%) - 780 (1.9%)

779 (1.9%) - 544 (1.4%)

1205 (3.4%) - 749 (2.4%)

390 (1.2%) - 311 (0.9%)

262 (1.7%) - 131 (0.8%)

47945 (5.2%) - 24412 (3.3%)

 1

23812 (6.2%) - 14629 (5.7%)

3649 (2.1%) - 3624 (2.3%)

1830 (2.5%) - 1922 (2.6%)

649 (1.1%) - 498 (1.1%)

629 (1.2%) - 568 (1.2%)

1051 (2.5%) - 1013 (2.5%)

749 (1.8%) - 672 (1.7%)

1043 (2.9%) - 866 (2.7%)

315 (0.9%) - 417 (1.1%)

157 (1.0%) - 187 (1.1%)

33884 (3.7%) - 24396 (3.3%)

 [ 2, 5)

77936 (20.3%) - 54464 (21.1%)

20693 (11.7%) - 18928 (12.2%)

9076 (12.6%) - 9669 (13.2%)

3064 (5.1%) - 2534 (5.5%)

3739 (6.9%) - 3050 (6.7%)

4606 (10.9%) - 4510 (11.0%)

3793 (9.1%) - 3558 (9.1%)

4310 (12.1%) - 3938 (12.4%)

2386 (7.2%) - 2866 (7.8%)

836 (5.6%) - 1104 (6.6%)

130439 (14.2%) - 104621 (14.1%)

 [ 5, 10)

117379 (30.5%) - 82678 (32.0%)

52731 (29.8%) - 46906 (30.3%)

20119 (27.9%) - 20721 (28.3%)

8287 (13.8%) - 5948 (12.9%)

10988 (20.2%) - 9136 (20.1%)

9698 (22.9%) - 9891 (24.1%)

10028 (24.1%) - 9391 (24.1%)

9029 (25.3%) - 8329 (26.2%)

8278 (24.9%) - 8991 (24.6%)

2812 (18.7%) - 3234 (19.2%)

249349 (27.2%) - 205225 (27.6%)

 ≥10

128685 (33.4%) - 89532 (34.6%)

96292 (54.4%) - 83170 (53.7%)

39326 (54.5%) - 39590 (54.1%)

47329 (78.6%) - 36874 (79.7%)

38205 (70.3%) - 32314 (71.1%)

25920 (61.1%) - 24926 (60.6%)

26295 (63.1%) - 24796 (63.6%)

20105 (56.3%) - 17862 (56.3%)

21914 (65.8%) - 23937 (65.5%)

10931 (72.9%) - 12172 (72.3%)

455002 (49.7%) - 385173 (51.8%)

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