Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
First Author, Year of Publication Country | Study Design | Study Population | Mean/Median Age (SD/IQR) in years | % Female | Frailty Measurement Tool | Intervention | Comparator | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carli et al., 2020 [10] Canada | RCT | 110 participants (55 = intervention group) Elective colorectal cancer surgery | Intervention: 78 (72–82) Comparator: 82 (75–84) | Intervention: 47.3% Comparator: 58.2% | Fried Phenotype | Multimodal prehabilitation program Embedded within an enhanced recovery pathway (ERAS) | Identical program commenced post-operatively (on discharge from hospital) | Complications 30-days postoperatively (‘comprehensive index’, overall & severe complication rates) LOS ED visits and hospital readmissions 30-days postoperatively Walking capacity, self-reported health status, anxiety and depression, self-reported energy expenditure |
Mazzola et al., 2017 [12] Italy | Quasi-Experimental | 76 participants (41 = intervention group) Elective curative upper GI oncologic surgery (oesophageal, gastric, pancreatic head) | Intervention: 75 (44–90) Comparator: 75 (59–91) | Intervention: 34% Comparator: 34% | Modified Frailty Index | Multidisciplinary preoperative management plan | “No preoperative treatment, in terms of prehabilitation, had been administered” (p.3) | Mortality 30-days and 3-months postoperatively Overall and severe complication rates LOS Readmission Post-discharge institutionalisation |
Ommundsen et al., 2018 [11] Norway | RCT | 116 participants (53 = intervention group) Elective colorectal cancer surgery | Intervention: 78.2 (7.4) Comparator: 78.8 (7.8) | Intervention: 58% Comparator: 41% | Vulnerable Elders Survey | Preoperative geriatric assessment and tailored intervention based on the results of the assessment Embedded within an ERAS model | Standard care (ERAS model) | Complications 30-days postoperatively Reoperations and readmissions 30-days postoperatively LOS Mortality 30-days and 3-months postoperatively Discharge status |
Suzuki et al., 2022 [14] Japan | Quasi-Experimental | 53 participants (15 = intervention group) Elective colorectal cancer surgery | Intervention: 87 (84–88) Comparator: 84 (81–86) | Intervention: 60.0% Comparator: 44.7% | Modified Frailty Index 11 | Perioperative Management Team intervention Embedded within an ERAS model | Standard care (ERAS model) | Postoperative high-grade complications Postoperative LOS Reoperations 30- days postoperatively ADL performance Discharge status |
Wada et al., 2022 [13] Japan | Quasi-Experimental | 58 participants (15 = intervention group) Elective gastric cancer surgery | Intervention: 72.9 (2.5) Comparator: 70.1 (1.7) | Intervention: 33% Comparator: 30% | Clinical Frailty Scale | Nutrition and Exercise Intervention | Standard care (not otherwise specified) | Postoperative complications LOS Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio Lymphocyte to CRP ratio BMI Mean lean mass and mean skeletal muscle mass |