Model 1. Control variables | Model 2. Socioeconomic Status (SES) | Model 3. Loneliness | Model 4. Interaction SES and Loneliness (Education) | Model 5. Interaction SES and Loneliness (Economic Harships) | |||||||
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B (SE) | Exp(B) | B (SE) | Exp(B) | B (SE) | Exp(B) | B (SE) | Exp(B) | B (SE) | Exp(B) | ||
Sex (Female) | 0.29(0.18) | 1.335 | 0.09 (0.19) | 1.101 | 0.17 (0.21) | 1.192 | 0.20(0.21) | 1.230 | 0.20(0.21) | 1.230 | |
Age | 0.01(0.01) | 1.015 | − 0.006 (0.01) | 0.994 | − 0.001 (0.01) | 0.999 | − 0.001(0.01) | 0.999 | − 0.001(0.01) | 0.999 | |
No children | 0.45(0.21)* | 1.568 | 0.20 (0.23) | 1.225 | 0.006 (0.25) | 1.006 | − 0.003(0.26) | 0.997 | − 0.003(0.26) | 0.997 | |
Limitation on ADL (reference: not limited) | |||||||||||
Limited | 1.35(0.19)*** | 3.865 | 1.26(0.19)*** | 3.526 | 1.11(0.21)*** | 3.033 | 1.16(0.22)*** | 3.195 | 1.16(0.22)*** | 3.204 | |
Strongly limited | 2.16(0.27)*** | 8.689 | 1.97(0.28)*** | 7.168 | 1.78(0.31)*** | 5.941 | 1.85(0.31)*** | 6.406 | 1.85(0.31)*** | 6.408 | |
Education (reference: incomplete primary) | |||||||||||
Primary | − 0.33(0.21) | 0.719 | − 0.25 (0.24) | 0.778 | 0.19(0.43) | 1.212 | 0.19(0.43) | 1.218 | |||
Secondary | − 0.27(0.30) | 0.759 | − 0.03 (0.34) | 0.967 | 0.43(0.54) | 1.551 | 0.45(0.54) | 1.579 | |||
University | − 0.65(0.32)** | 0.522 | − 0.38 (0.35) | 0.681 | − 0.26(0.59) | 0.767 | − 0.23(0.60) | 0.787 | |||
Economich harships | 0.62(0.19)*** | 1.861 | 0.39 (0.22)† | 1.486 | 0.39(0.22)† | 1.490 | 0.45(0.38) | 1.578 | |||
Living arrangement (reference: living alone) | |||||||||||
Living with partner | − 0.57(0.20)** | 0.565 | − 0.11 (0.23) | 0.893 | − 0.11(0.23) | 0.891 | − 0.11(0.23) | 0.891 | |||
Nursing home | 0.71(0.24)** | 2.035 | 0.62 (0.26)* | 1.866 | 0.65(0.27) * | 1.921 | 0.65(0.27)* | 1.918 | |||
Loneliness (emotional) | 1.05(0.11)*** | 2.874 | 1.20(0.23)*** | 3.346 | 1.23(0.26)*** | 3.434 | |||||
Loneliness (social) | 0.17 (0.09)† | 1.193 | 0.26(0.16) | 1.306 | 0.26(0.18) | 1.300 | |||||
Interactions Education (reference: primary incomplete) | |||||||||||
Primary*Social loneliness | − 0.12(0.21) | 0.884 | − 0.12(0.21) | 0.884 | |||||||
Secondary*Social loneliness | − 0.62(0.34) † | 0.537 | − 0.62(0.35) † | 0.538 | |||||||
University *Social loneliness | 0.21(0.29) | 1.234 | 0.21(0.30) | 1.239 | |||||||
Primary*Emotional loneliness | − 0.25(0.29) | 0.773 | − 0.26(0.29) | 0.770 | |||||||
Secondary*Emotional loneliness | 0.11(0.39) | 0.773 | 0.09(0.40) | 1.105 | |||||||
University*Emotional loneliness | − 0.18(0.40) | 1.118 | − 0.21(0.42) | 0.809 | |||||||
Economic harships* Social loneliness | 0.01(0.20) | 1.011 | |||||||||
Economic harships * Emotional loneliness | − 0.05(0.26) | 0.943 | |||||||||
Constant | -3.24 (0.80)*** | 0.039 | -1.16(0.98) | 0.313 | -2.93 (1.14)*** | 0.053 | -3.30 (1.17) ** | 0.830 | -3.33(1.18) | 0.036 | |
Cox & Snell R2 | 0.132*** | 0.174*** | 0.291*** | 0.296 | 0.296 | ||||||
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.190*** | 0.251*** | 0.420*** | 0.428 | 0.428 |