Table 1 Subgroup analysis of diagnostic criteria, study design, sociodemographically, lifestyle and clinicobiological

Diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia

Low muscle mass

14

32,213

8265

21%(13%, 29%)

P < 0.01

99.5%

Random

Low muscle strength

10

19,096

2691

12%(8%, 16%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Low muscle mass + Low muscle strength

20

20,169

2039

10%(6%, 14%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Diagnostic criteria of SO

Low muscle mass + BMI

2

7311

1312

18%(9%, 29%)

P < 0.01

99%

Random

Low muscle mass + PBF%

5

10,760

4700

29%(13%, 49%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Low muscle mass + WC

5

13,056

2096

18%(7%, 32%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Low muscle strength + BMI

5

4397

584

11%(5%, 19%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Low muscle strength + PBF%

2

1308

87

8%(2%, 19%)

P < 0.01

96%

Random

Low muscle mass + Low muscle strength + PBF%

9

11,191

1027

10%(6%, 14%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Low muscle mass + Low muscle strength + BMI

4

4071

679

18%(15%, 20%)

P = 0.07

57%

Random

Low muscle mass + Low muscle strength + BMI + WC + PBF%

3

2005

144

9%(3%, 17%)

P < 0.01

94%

Random

Study design

Cohort study

17

30,836

3742

13%(9%, 17%)

P < 0.01

99%

Random

Cross-sectional study

29

40,921

5523

13%(10%, 16%)

P < 0.01

99%

Random

Geographical region

Asia

22

43,722

6109

12%(9%, 16%)

P < 0.01

99%

Random

Europe

10

7930

989

11%(7%, 15%)

P < 0.01

97%

Random

Eurasian

2

1180

187

14%(3%, 31%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

South America

6

954

224

22%(12%, 35%)

P < 0.01

90%

Random

North America

2

7422

1068

16%(10%, 24%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Oceania

2

2647

216

8%(5%, 11%)

P < 0.01

88%

Random

Age

65–74

9

12,860

1700

13%(9%, 18%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

75–84

7

5597

1006

17%(11%, 25%)

P < 0.01

97%

Random

≥ 85

4

1166

162

23%(11%, 37%)

P < 0.01

92%

Random

Gender

Female

38

34,477

7072

15%(11%, 19%)

P < 0.01

99.2%

Random

Male

34

28,414

4506

13%(10%, 17%)

P < 0.01

99%

Random

Race

White

3

4494

586

23%(10%, 38%)

P < 0.01

97%

Random

Black

4

1519

233

17%(12%, 23%)

P = 0.02

71%

Random

Education level

< High school

7

14,398

3100

16%(9%, 24%)

P < 0.01

99%

Random

High school to some college

6

6191

923

14%(6%, 245)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

College or more

8

4031

446

11%(5%, 19%)

P < 0.01

96%

Random

Physical activity

Moderate physical activity

13

14,450

3599

15%(8%, 23%)

P < 0.01

99.5%

Random

Vigorous physical activity

4

1362

173

12%(4%, 23%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Not very/not at all

7

7904

1908

17%(8%, 29%)

P < 0.01

99.5%

Random

Fall history

Yes

5

867

136

15%(10%, 22%)

P < 0.01

82%

Random

No

5

5159

547

9%(4%, 14%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Number of chronic diseases

0

3

6794

1493

16%(3%, 37%)

P < 0.01

99.5%

Random

1

4

5784

431

10%(2%, 23%)

P < 0.01

99%

Random

≥ 2

4

2549

548

19%(10%, 29%)

P < 0.01

97%

Random

Comorbidities

Cancer

2

1762

200

8%(2%, 18%)

P < 0.01

95%

Random

Lung disease

5

1878

354

16%(9%, 25%)

P < 0.01

85%

Random

Hypertension

10

10,356

1349

12%(8%, 17%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Dyslipidemia

6

4140

758

15%(6%, 27%)

P < 0.01

99%

Random

Functional disabilities

2

675

239

33%(29%, 37%)

P = 0.95

0%

Fixed

Osteoporosis

4

1892

488

20%(8%, 35%)

P < 0.01

96%

Random

Arthritis

6

5334

1027

17%(10%, 25%)

P < 0.01

95%

Random

Probable Dementia

2

72

29

35%(9%,65%)

P = 0.02

83%

Random

Cerebrovascular disease

5

820

106

9%(5%, 14%)

P < 0.01

71%

Random

Diabetes

14

4497

825

14%(10%, 19%)

P < 0.01

95%

Random

Heart disease

10

3523

592

14%(9%, 19%)

P < 0.01

92%

Random

Depressive Symptoms

4

837

168

16%(7%, 28%)

P < 0.01

96%

Random

High fasting glucose

Yes

2

1207

105

17%(1%, 49%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

No

2

1754

89

12%(1%, 42%)

P < 0.01

98%

Random

Drug use

Oral hypoglycemic agents

2

392

46

11%(6%, 17%)

P = 0.09

66%

Random

Use of anti-psychotics

2

30

4

13%(2%, 28%)

P = 0.32

0%

Fixed

Statin use

3

1028

60

6%(4%, 7%)

P = 0.53

0%

Fixed