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Table 1 Patient characteristics of the study population

From: Long-term, patient-centered, frailty-based outcomes of older critical illness survivors from the emergency department: a post hoc analysis of the LIFE Study

 

Survivors at six months post-ICU admission (n = 514)

EQ-5D-5L responders both on admission and at six months (n = 390)

Barthel Index responders both on admission and at six months (n = 237)

All

Not Frail a (n = 299)

Frail b (n = 215)

All

Not Frail (n = 242)

Frail (n = 148)

All

Not Frail (n = 132)

Frail (n = 105)

Age, median (IQR), y

78 (71–84)

75 (70–81)

81 (75–87)

77 (71–83)

75 (71–81)

80 (75–86)

78 (71–83)

75 (70–81)

80 (74–85)

Body mass index, median (IQR) c

22.0 (19.5–24.1)

22.2 (20.0-24.2)

21.2 (18.7–23.9)

21.9 (19.4–24.0)

22.1 (20.2–24.2)

21.0 (18.3–23.5)

21.9 (19.4–24.0)

22.1 (20.1–24.0)

21.3 (18.5–24.1)

Gender, n (%)

 Male

293 (57.0)

189 (63.2)

104 (48.4)

231 (59.2)

161 (66.5)

70 (47.2)

138 (58.2)

87 (65.9)

51 (48.6)

 Female

221 (43.0)

110 (36.8)

111 (51.6)

159 (40.8)

81 (33.4)

78 (52.7)

99 (41.8)

45 (34.1)

54 (51.4)

Charlson Comorbidity Index score, median (IQR)

4 (4–6)

4 (3–5)

5 (4–6)

4 (3–6)

4 (3–5)

5 (4–6)

5 (4–6)

4 (3–5)

5 (4–6)

 Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

67 (13.0)

30 (10.0)

35 (16.2)

45 (11.5)

23 (9.5)

22 (14.8)

32 (13.5)

14 (10.6)

18 (17.1)

 Chronic heart failure, n (%)

49 (9.5)

20 (6.6)

29 (13.4)

35 (8.9)

18 (7.4)

17 (11.4)

18 (7.5)

6 (4.5)

12 (11.4)

 Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

27 (5.2)

8 (2.6)

19 (8.8)

19 (4.8)

7 (2.8)

12 (8.1)

15 (6.3)

6 (4.5)

9 (8.5)

 Diabetes, n (%)

93 (18.0)

50 (16.7)

43 (20.0)

69 (17.6)

43 (17.7)

26 (17.5)

48 (20.2)

27 (20.4)

21 (20.0)

 Malignancy, n (%)

76 (14.7)

34 (11.3)

36 (16.7)

52 (13.3)

28 (7.4)

24 (16.2)

39 (16.4)

20 (15.1)

19 (18.0)

 Dementia, n (%)

47 (9.1)

4 (2.3)

43 (20.0)

32 (8.2)

1 (0.4)

31 (20.9)

19 (8.0)

2 (1.5)

17 (16.1)

CFS score, median (IQR)

3 (2–4)

3 (1–3)

5 (4–6)

3 (2–4)

3 (1–3)

4 (4–6)

3 (2–4)

3 (1–3)

4 (4–6)

 1, n (%)

76 (14.7)

76 (25.4)

0 (0)

64 (16.4)

64 (26.4)

0 (0)

39 (16.4)

39 (29.5)

0 (0)

 2, n (%)

57 (11.0)

57 (19.0)

0 (0)

47 (12.0)

47 (19.4)

0 (0)

25 (10.5)

25 (18.9)

0 (0)

 3, n (%)

166 (32.2)

166 (55.5)

0 (0)

131 (33.5)

131 (54.1)

0 (0)

68 (29.1)

68 (51.5)

0 (0)

 4, n (%)

104 (20.2)

0 (0)

104 (48.3)

79 (20.2)

0 (0)

79 (53.3)

54 (22.7)

0 (0)

54 (51.4)

 5, n (%)

40 (7.7)

0 (0)

40 (18.6)

26 (6.6)

0 (0)

26 (17.5)

17 (7.1)

0 (0)

17 (16.1)

 6, n (%)

39 (9.0)

0 (0)

39 (18.1)

21 (5.3)

0 (0)

21 (14.1)

16 (6.7)

0 (0)

16 (15.2)

 7, n (%)

32 (6.2)

0 (0)

32 (14.8)

22 (5.6)

0 (0)

22 (14.8)

18 (7.5)

0 (0)

18 (17.1)

 8 or 9, n (%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

ICU admission category, n (%)

 Cardiology

121 (23.5)

70 (23.4)

51 (23.7)

94 (24.8)

58 (23.9)

36 (24.3)

51 (21.5)

26 (19.6)

25 (23.8)

 Pulmonary

47 (9.1)

17 (5.6)

30 (13.9)

34 (8.7)

14 (5.7)

20 (13.5)

26 (10.9)

11 (8.3)

15 (14.2)

 Gastrointestinal

76 (14.7)

43 (14.3)

33 (15.3)

53 (13.5)

28 (11.5)

25 (16.8)

41 (17.2)

15 (11.3)

16 (15.2)

 Neurology

124 (24.1)

79 (26.4)

45 (20.9)

93 (23.8)

66 (27.2)

27 (18.2)

61 (25.7)

39 (29.5)

22 (20.9)

 Trauma

78 (15.1)

61 (20.4)

17 (7.9)

64 (16.4)

52 (21.4)

12 (8.1)

40 (16.8)

29 (21.9)

11 (10.4)

 Endocrine

23 (4.4)

10 (3.3)

13 (6.0)

19 (4.8)

8 (3.3)

11 (7.4)

11 (4.6)

5 (3.7)

6 (5.7)

 Skin/tissue

6 (1.1)

3 (1.0)

3 (1,3)

5 (1.2)

3 (1.2)

2 (1.3)

2 (1.4)

1 (0.7)

1 (0.9)

 Urology

5 (0.9)

2 (0.6)

3 (1.3)

3 (0.7)

2 (0.8)

1 (0.6)

2 (1.4)

1 (0.7)

1 (0.9)

 Others

34 (6.6)

14 (4.6)

20 (9.3)

25 (6.4)

11 (4.5)

14 (9.4)

13 (5.4)

5 (3.7)

8 (7.6)

Admission type, n (%)

 Medical

313 (60.9)

171 (57.2)

142 (66.0)

237 (60.7)

137 (56.6)

100 (67.5)

143 (60.3)

74 (56.0)

69 (65.7)

 Surgical

201 (39.1)

128 (42.8)

73 (33.9)

153 (39.2)

105 (43.3)

48 (32.4)

94 (39.7)

58 (44.0)

36 (32.3)

APACHE2 score, median (IQR) d

20 (15–26)

18 (14–24)

22 (17–28)

19 (15–25)

17 (13–24)

22 (17–28)

20 (16–27)

18 (14–25)

23 (18–31)

Maximum lactate levels during ICU stay, median (IQR) mol/L e

2.1 (1.3–3.9)

1.9 (1.2–3.7)

2.4 (1.6–4.9)

2.1 (1.3–3.9)

1.9 (1.2–3.5)

2.5 (1.6–5.2)

2.1 (1.4–4.1)

1.9 (1.3–3.3)

2.7 (1.7–5.1)

Sepsis, n (%)

59 (11.4)

24 (8.0)

35 (16.2)

43 (11.0)

19 (7.8)

24 (16.2)

28 (11.8)

11 (8.3)

17 (16.1)

Acute kidney injury, n (%)f

92 (17.9)

43 (14.3)

49 (22.7)

73 (18.7)

38 (15.7)

35 (23.6)

53 (22.3)

24 (18.1)

29 (27.6)

Mechanical ventilation, n (%)

183 (35.6)

96 (32.1)

87 (40.4)

134 (34.3)

78 (32.2)

56 (47.8)

96 (40.5)

48 (36.3)

48 (45.7)

Tracheostomy, n (%)

29 (5.6)

16 (5.3)

13 (6.0)

17 (4.3)

12 (4.9)

5 (3.3)

12 (5.0)

5 (3.7)

7 (6.6)

Vasopressor support, n (%)

433 (84.2)

260 (86.9)

173 (80.4)

332 (85.1)

210 (86.7)

122 (82.4)

195 (82.2)

110 (8.3)

85 (80.9)

Renal replacement therapy, n (%)

36 (7.0)

15 (5.0)

21 (9.7)

26 (6.6)

13 (5.3)

13 (8.7)

18 (7.5)

8 (6.0)

10 (9.5)

ECMO, n (%)

9 (1.7)

7 (2.3)

2 (0.9)

8 (2.0)

6 (2.4)

2 (1.3)

5 (2.1)

4 (3.0)

1 (0.9)

ICU length of stay, median (IQR), days

3 (1–6)

3 (1–7)

2 (1–6)

3 (1–6)

3 (1–7)

2 (1–5)

3 (1–6)

4 (1–7)

3 (1–6)

Length hospital of stay, median (IQR), days g

17 (9–29)

16 (9–27)

18 (9–31)

16 (8–28)

16 (8–27)

18 (7–31)

16 (8–29)

15 (8–28)

16 (8–31)

Discharged to home from the hospital, n (%) h

380 (74.5)

250 (84.1)

130 (61.0)

293 (75.7)

201 (83.7)

92 (62.5)

169 (71.9)

106 (80.9)

63 (60.5)

Responders on admission, n (%) i

 Patients

132 (25.7)

97 (32.6)

35 (16.3)

108 (27.7)

81 (33.5)

27 (18.2)

69 (29.1)

48 (36.3)

21 (20.0)

 Surrogates

381 (74.3)

201 (67.4)

180 (83.7)

282 (72.3)

161 (66.5)

121 (81.8)

168 (70.9)

84 (63.7)

84 (80.0)

Responders at six months, n (%) j

 Patients

216 (42.2)

158 (53.0)

58 (27.1)

183 (46.9)

142 (58.7)

41 (27.7)

105 (44.3)

74 (56.1)

31 (29.5)

 Surrogates

296 (57.8)

140 (47.0)

156 (72.9)

207 (53.1)

100 (41.3)

107 (72.3)

132 (55.7)

58 (33.9)

74 (70.5)

  1. ICU Intensive care unit, EQ-5D-5L Five-level EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire, IQR Interquartile range, CFS Clinical Frailty Scale, APACHE2 Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation 2, ECMO Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
  2. aDefined as CFS score of 1, 2, or 3 before ICU admission
  3. bDefined as CFS score of 4 or greater before ICU admission
  4. cOf 514 participants, two were missing from the six-month survivors group, and one was missing from the EQ-5D-5L responders
  5. dOf 514 participants, 130 were missing from the six-month survivors group, 92 from the EQ-5D-5L responders, and 98 from the Barthel Index responders
  6. eOf 514 participants, 116 were missing from the six-month survivors group, 83 from the EQ-5D-5L responders, and 53 from the Barthel Index responders
  7. fOf 514 participants, two were missing from the six-month survivors group, and one was missing from the EQ-5D-5L responders
  8. gOf 514 participants, two were missing from the six-month survivors group, and one was missing from the EQ-5D-5L responders
  9. hOf 514 participants, two were missing from the six-month survivors group, three from the EQ-5D-5L responders, and two from the Barthel Index responders
  10. iOf 514 participants, one was missing from the six-month survivors
  11. jOf 514 participants, two were missing from the six-month survivors
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