Fig. 4

Results of the rise test in the ES, EL, LS, and LL groups. The ES group performed better in the rise from 10 cm, the EL and LS groups did not differ significantly in the rise from 10 to 20 cm, the LL group performed the worst in the rise from 10 cm, and the ES group performed better in the rise from 20 cm than the LS group. ES group, 65–74-year-old patients with SAD < 160 mm; EL group, 65–74-year-old patients with SAD ≥ 160 mm; LS group, ≥ 75-year-old patients with SAD < 160 mm; LL group, ≥ 75-year-old patients with SAD ≥ 160 mm.