Table 3 Grip strength, walking speed and body composition before and after intervention

Body weight (kg)

 Control group

49.54 ± 7.02

50.01 ± 7.44

-0.998

0.328

 Exercise group

46.59 ± 6.70

47.33 ± 6.51

-2.721

0.011

 Nutrition group

49.18 ± 7.36

50.25 ± 7.33

-3.955

0.000

 Combined group

51.52 ± 6.43

52.74 ± 7.11

-3.960

0.001

Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²)

 Control group

21.86 ± 2.57

22.05 ± 2.44

-0.957

0.348

 Exercise group

21.47 ± 3.45

21.82 ± 3.30

-2.865

0.008

 Nutrition group

21.49 ± 2.80

21.95 ± 2.75

-3.898

0.000

 Combined group

22.53 ± 2.28

23.05 ± 2.45

-3.910

0.001

Left grip strength (kg)

 Control group

21.02 ± 6.84

21.30 ± 5.97

-0.574

0.571

 Exercise group

19.52 ± 3.75

20.99 ± 3.87

-2.512

0.019

 Nutrition group

21.92 ± 6.41

23.49 ± 6.90

-2.962

0.005

 Combined group

21.91 ± 6.21

24.65 ± 6.56

-3.385

0.003

Right grip strength (kg)

 Control group

20.50 ± 5.27

21.12 ± 4.56

-1.537

0.137

 Exercise group

20.11 ± 3.73

22.21 ± 4.56

-2.789

0.010

 Nutrition group

23.78 ± 6.85

24.58 ± 6.52

-1.355

0.184

 Combined group

23.06 ± 7.05

25.11 ± 6.56

-2.168

0.042

6-m walking speed (m/s)

 Control group

0.92 ± 0.18

0.96 ± 0.16

-0.756

0.457

 Exercise group

0.99 ± 0.17

1.06 ± 0.20

-1.379

0.180

 Nutrition group

0.96 ± 0.23

1.10 ± 0.21

-3.908

0.000

 Combined group

1.05 ± 0.18

1.02 ± 0.24

0.536

0.598

Skeletal muscle mass (SMM)(kg)

 Control group

17.40 ± 3.29

17.41 ± 3.20

-0.061

0.952

 Exercise group

16.51 ± 2.19

16.39 ± 2.00

0.697

0.492

 Nutrition group

17.93 ± 3.58

18.05 ± 3.65

-0.966

0.341

 Combined group

18.05 ± 3.10

18.45 ± 3.25

-1.800

0.086

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (SMI)

 Control group

5.54 ± 0.75

5.43 ± 0.79

2.042

0.052

 Exercise group

5.40 ± 0.52

5.25 ± 0.49

3.022

0.006

 Nutrition group

5.56 ± 0.82

5.53 ± 0.79

1.090

0.283

 Combined group

5.71 ± 0.77

5.73 ± 0.80

-0.367

0.717

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM)(kg)

 Control group

12.70 ± 2.86

12.47 ± 2.88

1.920

0.067

 Exercise group

11.77 ± 1.63

11.47 ± 1.59

2.885

0.008

 Nutrition group

12.92 ± 3.08

12.82 ± 3.02

1.264

0.214

 Combined group

13.18 ± 2.66

13.21 ± 2.76

-0.293

0.772

Fat free mass of left arm(kg)

 Control group

1.52 ± 0.36

1.53 ± 0.34

-0.343

0.734

 Exercise group

1.44 ± 0.27

1.44 ± 0.24

-0.041

0.968

 Nutrition group

1.61 ± 0.42

1.63 ± 0.43

-1.049

0.301

 Combined group

1.60 ± 0.37

1.66 ± 0.37

-1.690

0.106

Fat free mass of right arm(kg)

 Control group

1.55 ± 0.39

1.55 ± 0.35

-0.075

0.941

 Exercise group

1.45 ± 0.30

1.45 ± 0.26

0.076

0.940

 Nutrition group

1.65 ± 0.43

1.66 ± 0.43

-0.576

0.568

 Combined group

1.67 ± 0.41

1.70 ± 0.39

-0.795

0.436

Fat free mass of trunk(kg)

 Control group

14.89 ± 2.51

15.00 ± 2.32

-0.712

0.483

 Exercise group

14.20 ± 1.83

14.29 ± 1.66

-0.588

0.562

 Nutrition group

15.42 ± 2.82

15.58 ± 2.80

-1.595

0.119

 Combined group

15.55 ± 2.49

15.85 ± 2.49

-1.713

0.101

Fat free mass of left leg(kg)

 Control group

4.79 ± 1.09

4.68 ± 1.12

3.031

0.006

 Exercise group

4.43 ± 0.59

4.28 ± 0.60

4.117

0.000

 Nutrition group

4.81 ± 1.14

4.75 ± 1.11

2.613

0.013

 Combined group

4.92 ± 0.98

4.89 ± 1.01

1.002

0.328

Fat free mass of right leg(kg)

 Control group

4.83 ± 1.09

4.70 ± 1.12

3.165

0.004

 Exercise group

4.44 ± 0.57

4.30 ± 0.58

4.011

0.000

 Nutrition group

4.86 ± 1.15

4.79 ± 1.13

2.302

0.027

 Combined group

4.98 ± 0.99

4.96 ± 1.04

0.500

0.622

Soft lean mass (SLM) (kg)

 Control group

31.34 ± 5.21

31.23 ± 5.16

0.340

0.737

 Exercise group

29.89 ± 3.43

29.56 ± 3.11

1.170

0.253

 Nutrition group

32.11 ± 5.68

32.24 ± 5.77

-0.639

0.527

 Combined group

32.27 ± 4.94

32.80 ± 5.13

-1.572

0.131

Body cell mass (BCM)

 Control group

21.30 ± 3.61

21.32 ± 3.52

-0.092

0.927

 Exercise group

20.34 ± 2.40

20.21 ± 2.20

0.653

0.520

 Nutrition group

21.88 ± 3.92

22.02 ± 3.98

-1.015

0.317

 Combined group

22.01 ± 3.41

22.46 ± 3.57

-1.950

0.065