Table 1 Demographic characteristics and baseline data of subjects
|  | Control group(n = 46) | Exercise group(n = 35) | Nutrition group(n = 48) | Combined group(n = 30) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age(years)[ \(\overline{{\varvec{x}} }\)(s)] | 73.21(4.98) | 72.04(5.02) | 72.68(5.59) | 70.52(3.30) | 0.209 |
Gender(female%) | 22(47.8%) | 19(54.3%) | 23(47.9%) | 14(46.7%) | 0.918 |
Baseline data[ \(\overline{{\varvec{x}} }\)(s)] | |||||
 Body weight(kg) | 49.54 (7.02) | 46.59 (6.70) | 49.18 (7.36) | 51.52 (6.43) | 0.105 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 21.86(2.57) | 21.47(3.45) | 21.49(2.80) | 22.53(2.28) | 0.526 |
 Left grip strength(kg) | 21.02(6.84) | 19.52(3.75) | 21.92(6.41) | 21.91(6.21) | 0.391 |
 Right grip strength(kg) | 20.50(5.27) | 20.11(3.73) | 23.78(6.85)* # | 23.06(7.05) | 0.044 |
 6-m walking speed(m/s) | 0.92(0.18) | 0.99(0.17) | 0.96(0.23) | 1.05(0.18) | 0.139 |
 SMM (kg) | 17.40(3.29) | 16.51(2.19) | 17.93(3.58) | 18.05(3.10) | 0.260 |
 SMI (kg) | 5.54(0.75) | 5.40(0.52) | 5.56(0.82) | 5.71(0.77) | 0.524 |
 MNA-SF score | 12.75(1.16) | 12.85(0.99) | 12.59(1.12) | 13.08(0.95) | 0.666 |
Disease history[n(%)] | |||||
 Hypertension | 14(30.43%) | 11(31.43%) | 14(29.17%) | 10(33.33%) | 0.984 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 9(19.57%) | 9(25.71%) | 12(25.00%) | 5(16.67%) | 0.756 |
 Lipid abnormality | 8(17.39%) | 8(22.86%) | 10(20.83%) | 4(13.33%) | 0.765 |
 Osteoporosis | 1(2.17%) | 1(2.86%) | 1(2.08%) | 2(6.67%) | 0.729 |
 Fracture history | 3(6.52%) | 4(11.43%) | 3(6.25%) | 2(6.67%) | 0.858 |