Table 1 Eligibility criteria

Population

Inclusion: Reviews encompassing older adults without defining a specific age threshold.

Exclusion: Reviews exclusively centred on populations with specific diseases or illnesses (e.g., older adults with major neurological disorders), or solely focused on informal and formal caregivers in the context of older adults.

Concept

Inclusion: Interventions utilizing information and communication technology (ICT) with the aim of mitigating loneliness and/or social isolation.

Exclusion: Interventions utilizing telemedicine or welfare technology lie beyond the scope of this review.

Context

Inclusion: Older adults living in community settings (i.e., those living in their own homes, as well as those in combination with nursing homes or residential care).

Exclusion: Reviews focused solely on hospital settings or exclusive nursing home settings are outside the scope of consideration.

Types of sources of evidence

Inclusion: Peer-reviewed reviews of all types. No restriction on the publication year but limited to the English language.

Exclusion: Nonreviews (e.g., original research papers, editorials, opinion pieces/commentary, book chapters, conference proceedings, protocols, reports, preprints).