Table 1 Characteristics of participants (N = 313)

Age

75.7 ± 7.1

74.1 ± 6.3

77.8 ± 7.5

< 0.001^a

Female, n (%)

247 (78.9)

138 (76.2)

109 (82.6)

0.175^b

Years of education

6.9 ± 4.9

8.0 ± 4.5

5.3 ± 5.0

< 0.001^a

BMI, kg/m²

24.7 ± 3.7

24.9 ± 3.8

24.5 ± 3.6

0.352^a

Marital status, n (%)

0.010^b

 Married

162 (51.8)

105 (58.0)

57 (43.2)

 Single, divorced, widowed or separated

151 (48.2)

76 (42.0)

75 (56.8)

Living alone, n (%)

52 (16.6)

30 (16.6)

22 (16.7)

0.983^b

Number of chronic diseases

4.8 ± 2.9

4.7 ± 2.7

4.9 ± 3.1

0.692^a

Number of medications

2.3 ± 2.2

2.0 ± 2.1

2.7 ± 2.4

0.009^a

Self-reported health, n (%)

0.021^b

 Good

175 (55.9)

107 (59.1)

68 (51.5)

 Fair

94 (30.0)

57 (31.5)

37 (28.0)

 Poor

44 (14.1)

17 (9.4)

27 (20.5)

Sleep disorders, n (%)

183 (58.5)

95 (52.5)

88 (66.7)

0.012^b

Smoking status, n (%)

0.243^b

 Current

33 (10.5)

23 (12.7)

10 (7.6)

 Former

36 (11.5)

18 (9.9)

18 (13.6)

 Never

244 (78.0)

140 (77.3)

104 (78.8)

Drinking status, n (%)

0.079^b

 Current

51 (16.3)

35 (19.3)

16 (12.1)

 Former

34 (10.9)

15 (8.3)

19 (14.4)

 Never

228 (72.8)

131 (72.4)

97 (73.5)

Regular exercise, n (%)

222 (70.9)

138 (76.2)

84 (63.6)

0.015^b

MMSE score

24.0 ± 4.7

25.9 ± 3.1

21.4 ± 5.4

< 0.001^a

GDS score

6.5 ± 3.6

5.7 ± 3.4

7.5 ± 3.6

< 0.001^a