From: Incorporating frailty to address the key challenges to geriatric economic evaluation
 | eFI [46] | ProAct65 + FI1 [45] | This study | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | UK | China | Canada | England | England |
Data source | Electronic health records | Cohort survey | Cohort survey | Cohort survey | Cohort survey |
Total # of items | 36 | 332 | 34 | 40 | 52 |
Mean (SD) | Men: 0.13 (0.09) Women: 0.15 (0.10) | Men: 0.11 (0.10) Women: 0.14 (0.12) | Women only: 0.24 (0.13) | Both sex: 0.16 (0.11) | Men: 0.11 (0.09) Women: 0.13 (0.10) |
Severity categories | [Fit] 0-0.12 (50%) [Mild] > 0.12–0.24 (35%) [Moderate] > 0.24–0.36 (12%) [Severe] > 0.36 (3%) | [1] 0-0.03 [2] > 0.03–0.10 [3] > 0.10–0.20 [4] > 0.20–0.50 [5] > 0.50 | [Robust] 0-0.20 (43.9%) [Prefrail] > 0.20–0.35 (34.1%) [Frail] > 0.35 (22.1%) | [Non-frail] 0-<0.25 (81.5%) [Frail] > = 0.25 (18.5%) | [Fit] 0-0.10 (50%) [Mild] > 0.10–0.23 (35%) [Moderate] > 0.23–0.37 (12%) [Severe] > 0.37 (3%) |
Component items | |||||
Chronic diseases | (17) Anemia; Arthritis; AF; CBVD; CKD; Diabetes; Heart failure; Heart valve disease; Hypertension; Hypotension; IHD; Osteoporosis; PD; PVD; RD; Thyroid disease; Urinary system disease | (8) Arthritis; Cataract; CHD; Glaucoma; Hypertension; Stroke; Thyroid disease; TIA | (13) Cancer; Celiac disease; Chronic bronchitis; Crohn’s disease; Diabetes; Heart disease; High cholesterol; Hypertension; Multiple sclerosis; Osteoarthritis; PD; RA; Stroke | (15) Blood disease; Cancer; Digestive disease; Ear disease; Endocrine disease; Eye disease; Genitourinary disease; Heart disease; Infectious disease; Mental disease; MSKD; Nervous disease; RD; Skin disease; Other disease | (20) Angina; Arrhythmia; Arthritis; Asthma; Cancer; Cataract; Depression; Diabetes; DED; DKD; Glaucoma; Heart attack; Heart disease– other; Heart murmur; Hypertension; High cholesterol; Lung disease; MD; Osteoporosis; Stroke |
Sensory/physical impairments and geriatric syndromes | (12) Hearing impairment; Visual impairment; Dizziness; Dyspnea; Falls; Foot problems; Fragility fractures; Peptic ulcer; Skin ulcer; Sleep disturbance; UI; Weight loss and anorexia | (5) Hearing problem; Use a hearing aid; Use a walking aid; Tremor; UI | (1) Unintentional weight loss | (2) Use a walking aid; Balance problems | (8) Seeing difficulties; Hearing difficulties; Slow walking speed;3,4 Balance problems;4 Weak grip strength;3,4 Weak leg strength;4 UI; Significant weight loss3,4 |
Cognitive impairment | (1) Memory and cognitive problems | (1) MMSE < 15 |  |  | (1) Composite measure of cognitive problems across 4 tests of memory, mental speed and numeracy |
Subjective symptoms and health status |  | (5) Lack of energy; Felt less useful; Don’t feel a lot of fun in life; Don’t feel very happy; Feel nothing to do | (6) Feels full of life; Has a lot of energy; Feels worn out; Feels tired; Self-rated health; Self-rated pain | (6) Feeling calm; Have a lot of energy; Feeling low; Social activity interfered by physical and emotional health; Self-rated health; Normal work interfered by pain | (4) Self-reported exhaustion;3 Self-rated health; Self-rated pain; Self-reported long-standing illness |
Lifestyle risk factors |  |  |  | (2) Obesity (BMI > = 30); Low physical activity | (2) Low physical activity;3 Obesity |
Activity limitation | (3) Any activity limitation; Housebound; Mobility and transfer problems | (14) ADL & IADL limitations | (12) ADL limitations | (14) ADL & IADL limitations | (15) ADL & IADL limitations |
Healthcare contact | (2) Polypharmacy (5 + medications); Requirement for care |  | (2) Polypharmacy (5 + medications); Frequency of healthcare visit in past year | (1) Polypharmacy (6 + medications) | (1) Polypharmacy (5 + medications) |
Social | (1) Social vulnerability | Â | Â | Â | (1) Living alone |