Table 1 Status and nature of social participation in frail older adults

Age(mean ± SD)^*

75.8

±

7.0

76.0

±

6.5

75.8

±

7.1

0.637*

0.02†

-0.61–0.64

Sex, n(%)

 Men

1211

(45.6)

213

(39.1)

998

(47.3)

0.001

0.07

N/A

 Women

1444

(45.6)

332

(60.9)

1112

(52.7)

Household composition, n(%)

 Living with others

2067

(78.6)

422

(77.6)

1645

(78.8)

0.519

0.01

N/A

 Living alone

564

(21.4)

122

(22.4)

442

(21.2)

Economic states, n(%)

 Economic difficulty

995

(38.0)

145

(27.1)

850

(40.8)

< 0.001

0.11

N/A

 No economic difficulty

1623

(62.0)

390

(72.9)

1233

(59.2)

Need for long-term care, n(%)

 Requiring care

861

(33.4)

145

(27.5)

716

(35.0)

0.001

0.06

N/A

 No need for care

1714

(66.6)

382

(72.5)

1332

(65.0)

Mobility, n(%)

 Decline

587

(22.1)

82

(15.0)

505

(23.9)

< 0.001

0.09

N/A

 Not decline

2068

(77.9)

463

(85.0)

1605

(76.1)

Subjective health, n(%)

 Poor

1264

(48.9)

189

(36.1)

1075

(52.2)

< 0.001

0.13

N/A

 Good

1320

(51.1)

334

(63.9)

986

(47.8)

Direct contact with relatives living separately, n(%)

 Less than once a week

1923

(76.3)

384

(73.8)

1539

(77.0)

0.148

0.03

N/A

 More than once a week

597

(23.7)

136

(26.2)

461

(23.1)

Indirect contact with relatives living separately, n(%)

 Less than once a week

1758

(69.8)

323

(62.4)

1435

(71.7)

< 0.001

0.08

N/A

 More than once a week

762

(30.2)

195

(37.6)

567

(28.3)

Direct contact with friends and neighbors, n(%)

 Less than once a week

1908

(74.0)

262

(49.1)

1646

(80.5)

< 0.001

0.29

N/A

 More than once a week

670

(26.0)

272

(50.9)

398

(19.5)

Indirect contact with friends and neighbors, n(%)

 Less than once a week

1941

(75.7)

310

(58.6)

1631

(80.1)

< 0.001

0.20

N/A

 More than once a week

624

(24.3)

219

(41.4)

405

(19.9)