Effects of high-intensity training on fatty infiltration in paraspinal muscles in elderly males with osteosarcopenia – the randomized controlled FrOST study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of exercise and control groups

Variable	HIRT (n = 21)	CG (n = 22)	p
Age [years]	77.8 ± 3.6	79.2 ± 4.7	.262
BMD Lumbar Spine [mg/cm²]	1.054 ± .142	0.987 ± .115	.140
BMD Femoral Neck [mg/cm²]	0.894 ± .084	0.869 ± .094	.364
Body Mass Index [kg/m²]	25.0 ± 3.0	24.5 ± 1.9	.515
Calcium Intake (mg/d)^f	802 ± 226	833 ± 282	.636
Energy Intake [MJ/d]^e	8.84 ± 1.71	9.39 ± 2.42	.407
Exercise per week [min]	59 ± 56	46 ± 52	.780
Fat intake [g/d]	88.4 ± 33.5	81.1 ± 21.6	.208
LLFDI [Index] ^c	1.51 ± 0.74	1.44 ± 0.53	.727
Physical activity [Index]^a	4.45 ± 1.32	4.15 ± 1.53	.490
Protein Intake [g/kg/d]^e	1.10 ± 0.25	1.29 ± 0.34	.043
Three (3) or more diseases [n]^b	10	12	.826
Total Body Fat [%]	28.6 ± 5.8	30.5 ± 6.8	.330
25 (OH)D [nmol/l]^d	43.8 ± 17.5	54.0 ± 21.1	.126

^ascale from (1) “very low” to (7) “very high” (27)
^busing the ICD-10 based disease cluster of Schäfer et al. [37]
^cLate Life Function Disability Instrument [38]: scale from (1) “no problem” to (5) “impossible”
^dRoche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany
^eas determined by a 4-day dietary record
^f as determined by a Calcium Questionnaire provided by Rheumaliga, Switzerland

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