Table 5 Unadjusted and adjusted association between socio-economic characteristics and food security^d status among older people living in Tehran, Iran (N = 583)

1.00 Ref

OR (95% CI)^a unadjusted

OR (95% CI) adjusted^b

OR (95% CI) adjusted^c

OR (95% CI)^a unadjusted

OR (95% CI) adjusted^b

OR (95% CI) adjusted^c

OR (95% CI)^a unadjusted

OR (95% CI) adjusted^b

OR (95% CI) adjusted^c

Education level

 Illiterate

3.224

(1.770–5.872)*

3.107

(1.672–5.775)*

1.662

(0.783–3.530)

3.155

(1.495–6.659)*

2.736

(1.261–5.935)*

1.156

(0.446–2.997)

5.877

(0.343–27.715)*

6.193

(1.368–28.039)*

3.632

(0.627–21.038)

 Elementary to middle school

1.821

(1.150–2.883)*

1.805

(1.131–2.880)*

1.175

(0.676–2.042)

1.892

(1.055–3.395)*

1.795

(0.992–3.248)

0.915

(0.452–1.852)

3.813

(1.073–13.546)*

3.867

(1.076–13.903)*

2.905

(0.675–12.504)

 Diploma or higher

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

Employment status

 Employed

0.936

(0.408–2.145)

0.640

(0.246–1.666)

0.778

(0.287–2.113)

1.123

(0.449–2.809)

1.423

(0.471–4.303)

1.633

(0.517–5.155)

1.476

(0.303–7.204)

1.384

(0.208–9.218)

2.390

(0.306–18.658)

 Retired

0.887

(0.593–1.326)

0.567

(0.325–0.989)*

0.775

(0.406–1.479)

0.569

(0.337–0.960)*

0.539

(0.266–1.092)

0.611

(0.272–1.374)

0.969

(0.392–2.392)

0.862

(0.256–2.898)

1.981

(0.417–9.401)

 Unemployed

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

House ownership status

 Tenant

1.347

(0.790–2.296)

1.374

(0.804–2.348)

1.344

(0.755–2.393)

0.924

(0.444–1.923)

0.949

(0.454–1.983)

0.975

(0.449–2.119)

1.021

(0.290–3.591)

1.017

(0.289–3.581)

0.942

(0.255–3.482)

 Owner

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

Household income per month (US$)

  < 74

3.827

(1.839–7.965)*

4.240

(1.997–9.001)*

2.049

(0.883–4.751)

3.163

(1.296–7.716)*

2.744

(1.100–6.846)*

1.131

(0.397–3.224)

3.349

(0.588–19.059)

3.858

(0.658–22.622)

1.955

(0.289–13.222)

 74–148.15

2.571

(1.358–4.870)*

2.637

(1.379–5.043)*

1.737

(0.871–3.467)

1.944

(0.887–4.264)

1.738

(0.784–3.855)

1.052

(0.441–2.512)

3.750

(0.835–16.845)

4.051

(0.889–18.466)

2.562

(0.525–12.497)

 148.15–222.22

1.891

(0.908–3.937)

1.840

(0.881–3.842)

1.424

(0.663–3.060)

1.882

(0.780–4.544)

1.845

(0.762–4.467)

1.314

(0.519–3.328)

0.529

(0.047–5.973)

0.521

(0.046–5.888)

0.396

(0.034–4.606)

  > 222.22

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

Residential area

 Most-developed

0.426

(0.216–839)*

0.406

(0.205–0.805)*

0.538

(0.263–1.100)

0.380

(0.164–0.881)*

0.366

(0.157–0.858)*

0.397

(0.162–0.971)*

0.456

(0.073–2.830)

0.459

(0.074–2.857)

0.723

(0.111–4.706)

 Medium-upward developed

0.661

(0.337–1.297)

0.618

(0.313–1.222)

0.687

(0.339–1.391)

0.482

(0.204–1.137)

0.460

(0.192–1.098)

0.422

(0.168–1.055)

1.446

(0.278–7.278)

1.452

(0.287–7.325)

2.062

(0.394–10.788)

 Medium-downward developed

1.525

(0.810–1.869)

1.501

(0.793–2.840)

1.493

(0.779–2.861)

1.525

(0.718–3.238)

1.640

(0.764–3.520)

1.641

(0.753–3.575)

2.346

(0.490–11.234)

2.371

(0.492–11.427)

2.247

(0.457–11.046)

 Least-developed

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

1.00 Ref

Household size

1.002

(0.873–1.151)

1.011

(0.876–1.166)

1.025

(0.873–1.204)

1.027

(0.865–1.219)

1.067

(0.898–1.269)

1.088

(0.893–1.324)

0.949

(0.691–1.303)

0.953

(0.688–1.321)

0.912

(0.634–1.313)

Welfare index

0.999

(0.993–1.006)

0.999

(0.992–1.006)

1.000

(0.993–1.007)

0.999

(0.990–1.007)

0.999

(0.990–1.007)

0.997

(0.988–1.007)

0.993

(0.977–1.010)

0.993

(0.977–1.010)

0.995

(0.978–1.012)