Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of different intensities of functional training in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot randomised controlled trial

Ghahfarrokhi, Majid Mardaniyan; Shirvani, Hossein; Rahimi, Mostafa; Bazgir, Behzad; Shamsadini, Alireza; Sobhani, Vahid

doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04698-8

Table 4 Pre-post changes in cognitive and fitness outcomes in the study groups

From: Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of different intensities of functional training in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot randomised controlled trial

	Pre-test Mean(SD)	Post-test Mean(SD)	d effect size (95% CI)	P-value	F
Cognition outcomes *MMSE score*
HIFT	18.62 ± 2.84	20.45 ± 2.16	0.73 (0.57 to 0.88)†	Group = 0.306 Time = 0.035 # Interaction = 0.122	0.807 4.762 1.314
LIFT	19.08 ± 2.45	20.83 ± 2.47	0.71 (0.55 to 0.87) †
Control	18.86 ± 2.57	18.63 ± 2.81	-0.09 (-0.24 to 0.07)
*SDMT*
HIFT	27.35 ± 9.45	32.40 ± 8.79	0.55 (0.40 to 0.71) †	Group = 0.754 Time = 0.115 Interaction = 0.221	0.102 2.337 1.572
LIFT	25.94 ± 11.08	28.33 ± 10.18	0.22 (-0.07 to 0.38)
Control	28.26 ± 9.94	29.04 ± 9.31	0.08 (-0.07 to 0.24)
*CVLT-II*
HIFT	8.42 ± 1.89	9.59 ± 1.84	0.61 (0.42 to 0.80) †	Group = 0.745 Time = 0.345 Interaction = 0.445	0.115 0.704 0.607
LIFT	9.13 ± 1.72	9.88 ± 1.89	0.42 (0.26 to 0.57)
Control	8.86 ± 1.96	8.98 ± 1.85	0.06 (-0.12 to 0.25)
*BVMT-R*
HIFT	6.33 ± 1.75	7.55 ± 1.92	0.66 (0.51 to 0.82) †	Group = 0.538 Time = 0.452 Interaction = 0.309	0.355 0.597 1.008
LIFT	6.54 ± 1.83	7.34 ± 1.76	0.45 (0.29 to 0.60)
Control	7.02 ± 1.67	6.82 ± 0.84	-0.15 (-0.31 to 0.00)
*Stroop (Number correct)*
HIFT	46.58 ± 10.35	54.67 ± 9.46	0.82 (0.66 to 0.98) † *	Group = 0.077 Time = 0.044 # Interaction = 0.032 #	1.479 3.871 4.908
LIFT	49.33 ± 8.76	55.19 ± 7.44	0.72 (0.56 to 0.88) †
Control	48.72 ± 11.55	45.27 ± 12.31	-0.29 (-0.44 to -0.13)
Fitness outcomes *Static balance (s)*
HIFT	11.55 ± 5.68	14.18 ± 4.87	0.50 (0.34 to 0.65) †	Group = 0.565 Time = 0.230 Interaction = 0.620	0.445 1.559 0.199
LIFT	12.41 ± 4.21	13.88 ± 5.04	0.32 (0.16 to 0.47)
Control	11.08 ± 6.24	11.12 ± 6.54	0.01 (-0.15 to 0.16)
*Dynamic balance (s)*
HIFT	24.39 ± 8.08	20.10 ± 6.71	-0.58 (-0.73 to -0.42) †	Group = 0.218 Time = 0.155 Interaction = 0.443	1.504 1.845 0.659
LIFT	22.16 ± 9.31	20.02 ± 7.98	-0.25 (-0.40 to -0.09)
Control	23.41 ± 11.19	23.65 ± 9.74	0.02 (-0.13 to 0.18)
*10MWT (s)*
HIFT	21.37 ± 6.32	18.21 ± 5.66	-0.53 (-0.58 to -0.47) †	Group = 0.109 Time = 0.381 Interaction = 0.129	2.197 0.623 1.959
LIFT	20.13 ± 5.11	19.08 ± 4.83	-0.21 (-0.36 to -0.05)
Control	23.28 ± 5.34	22.90 ± 6.13	-0.07 (-0.22 to 0.09)
*6MWT (m)*
HIFT	355.42 ± 67.54	422.10 ± 55.68	0.91 (0.75 to 1.07) †*	Group = 0.006 # Time = 0.001 # Interaction = 0.001#	9.221 13.205 15.718
LIFT	342.22 ± 87.49	408.75 ± 68.27	0.85 (0.69 to 1.01) †*
Control	361.78 ± 58.51	355.42 ± 61.19	-0.11 (-0.26 to 0.05)
*SSST dominant (s)*
HIFT	18.86 ± 7.21	16.23 ± 6.05	-0.39 (-0.55 to -0.24)	Group = 0.866 Time = 0.451 Interaction = 0.732	0.021 0.599 0.089
LIFT	18.42 ± 6.28	17.04 ± 6.12	-0.22 (-0.38 to -0.07)
Control	17.65 ± 5.86	17.88 ± 4.92	0.04 (-0.11 to 0.20)
*SSST non-dominant (s)*
HIFT	20.13 ± 4.54	17.61 ± 5.03	-0.58 (-0.73 to -0.42) †	Group = 0.202 Time = 0.298 Interaction = 0.126	1.559 1.228 1.917
LIFT	19.61 ± 5.78	18.05 ± 4.83	-0.29 (-0.45 to -0.14)
Control	21.95 ± 4.98	21.87 ± 5.42	-0.02 (-0.17 to 0.14)
*TUG (s)*
HIFT	12.77 ± 4.65	10.24 ± 4.79	-0.54 (-0.69 to -0.38) †	Group = 0.877 Time = 0.188 Interaction = 0.122	0.019 1.762 2.314
LIFT	12.24 ± 5.04	10.29 ± 4.56	-0.41 (-0.56 to -0.25)
Control	11.06 ± 4.37	11.48 ± 5.01	0.09 (-0.06 to 0.24)
*Hand grip Dominant (kg)*
HIFT	23.33 ± 8.76	27.51 ± 6.47	0.54 (0.39 to 0.70) †	Group = 0.639 Time = 0.201 Interaction = 0.344	0.385 1.617 0.802
LIFT	24.08 ± 7.42	27.12 ± 8.05	0.39 (0.24 to 0.55)
Control	24.16 ± 6.45	24.33 ± 7.14	0.02 (-0.13 to 0.18)
*Hand grip non-dominant (kg)*
HIFT	22.77 ± 6.45	25.81 ± 5.18	0.52 (0.36 to 0.68) †	Group = 0.711 Time = 0.427 Interaction = 0.356	0.138 0.718 0.785
LIFT	21.16 ± 4.93	23.75 ± 5.44	0.50 (0.34 to 0.66)
Control	23.36 ± 5.44	22.66 ± 6.02	-0.12 (-0.28 to 0.03)
*5TSTS (s)*
HIFT	15.11 ± 5.33	12.74 ± 4.78	-0.47 (-0.62 to -0.31)	Group = 0.891 Time = 0.331 Interaction = 0.455	0.017 1.216 0.583
LIFT	14.85 ± 3.24	13.08 ± 4.11	-0.48 (-0.63 to -0.32)
Control	14.54 ± 3.88	14.79 ± 4.45	0.06 (-0.09 to 0.21)

HIFT: high-intensity functional training; LIFT: low-intensity functional training; MMSE: Mini–mental state examination; SDMT: symbol-digits modalities test; CVLT-II: California Verbal Learning Test-II; BVMT-R: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised; 10MWT: 10 m walking test; 6MWT: six minutes walking test; SSST: six spot step test; TUG: timed up and go; 5TSTS: five-time sit to stand test; †: indicated significant within-group pre-post change; #: indicated significant main or interaction effect; *: indicated significant improve compared to control; Effect size (d) (< 0.02, 0.02 > < 0.49, 0.05 > < 0.79 and > 0.8, respectively indicated trivial, small, moderate and large effect size)

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