Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Sex (women)

22,395 (53.2)

Income (lowest quintile)

13,099 (30.9)

BMI (kg/m²)

24.2 ± 3.0

 <18.5

1,006 (2.4)

 18.5–23

13,473 (32.0)

 23–25

11,598 (27.5)

 ≥25

16,055 (38.1)

Cigarette Smoking

 Never

18.170 (56.9)

 Ex-smoker

3,856 (12.1)

 Current smoker

9,913 (31.0)

At-risk alcohol drinking

12,849 (51.6)

Regular exercise

21,250 (54.3)

Hypertension

19,918 (47.3)

Diabetes mellitus

6,858 (16.3)

Dyslipidemia

9,291 (22.1)

Timed Up and Go test (s)

9.4 ± 6.5

 <10

25,113 (61.6)

 ≥10

15,667 (38.4)

Cognitive impairment

9,007 (21.6)

Depressive mood

21,065 (50.5)

Falls

5,900 (14.4)

Normal activity of daily living

25,615 (62.5)