Association of changes in frailty status with the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death in older people: results from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS)

Table 2 Association of changes in frailty status with cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality

	Sustained pre/Frailty	Robustness to pre/Frailty	pre/Frailty to robustness	Sustained robustness
All-cause mortality
No. of participants (n)	832	498	432	1043
Deaths (n)	473	169	123	187
Follow-up (PYs)	2388.9	1716.6	1553.1	3871.6
Mortality rate (95% CI)^a	19.8 (18.2-21.4)	9.8 (8.4-11.3)	7.9 (6.6-9.3)	4.8 (4.2-5.5)
Unadjusted HR (95% CI), p	1.00 (ref)	0.49 (0.41-0.58), <0.001	0.39 (0.32-0.48), <0.001	0.24 (0.20-0.28), <0.001
Adjusted HR (95% CI), p
model 1^b	1.00 (ref)	0.57 (0.48-0.68), <0.001	0.50 (0.41-0.61), <0.001	0.37 (0.30-0.44), <0.001
model 2^c	1.00 (ref)	0.61 (0.51-0.73), <0.001	0.51 (0.42-0.63), <0.001	0.41 (0.34-0.49), <0.001
E-value^d	NA	2.17	2.56	3.09
Cardiovascular death
No. of participants (n)	832	498	432	1043
Deaths (n)	75	36	18	41
Follow-up (PYs)	2388.9	1716.6	1553.1	3871.6
Mortality rate (95% CI)^a	3.1 (2.4-3.8)	2.1 (1.4-2.8)	1.2 (0.6-1.7)	1.1 (0.7-1.4)
Unadjusted HR (95% CI), p	1.00 (ref)	0.65 (0.44-0.97), 0.037	0.36 (0.21-0.60), <0.001	0.33 (0.22-0.48), <0.001
Adjusted HR (95% CI), p
model 1^b	1.00 (ref)	0.75 (0.50-1.12), 0.155	0.45 (0.26-0.75), 0.002	0.48 (0.32-0.72), <0.001
model 2^c	1.00 (ref)	0.79 (0.52-1.19), 0.256	0.45 (0.26-0.76), 0.003	0.51 (0.33-0.78), 0.002
E-value^d	NA	1.86	3.87	3.33

Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, HR Hazard ratio, PYs Person-years
^aper 100 person-years
^bAdjustment with sex, and age
^cAdjustment with sex, age, education, marital status, income, residence, living with family, current smoking, current drinking, current exercise, regular intake of foods, comorbidities, and ADL disability
^dThe E-values were for the adjusted HRs from model 2

ISSN: 1471-2318