Determinants of health-related quality of life in older people with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Multiple linear regression by OLS of the effect of individual determinants on Eq. 5D index score †

Variables	β	95% CI	p value
Age	-0.001	[-0.003, 0.001]	0.4
Female ‡	0.011	[-0.016, 0.037]	0.425
BMI	-0.003	[-0.006, 0.000]	0.057
Number of pain sites	0	[-0.006, 0.006]	0.886
Number of comorbidities	0	[-0.006, 0.007]	0.9
BPI severity score	-0.044	[-0.050, -0.038]	< 0.001*
Ankle and foot ‡	-0.03	[-0.076, 0.017]	0.212
Back ‡	-0.027	[-0.060, 0.006]	0.109
Knee ‡	-0.061	[-0.094, -0.029]	< 0.001*
Neck ‡	-0.002	[-0.058, 0.054]	0.943
PHQ-9	-0.007	[-0.011, -0.004]	< 0.001*
GAD-7	-0.01	[-0.013, -0.007]	< 0.001*
Single ‡	-0.014	[-0.042, 0.014]	0.326
Living alone ‡	0.013	[-0.022, 0.048]	0.459
Allowance ‡	-0.004	[-0.030, 0.021]	0.745

* Statistically significance;
† Abbreviations: β, beta coefficient; BMI, body mass index; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 Dimension; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment; PHQ-9, 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire;
‡ Reference levels: Gender (Male), Most painful site (Shoulder), Marital status (Married), Living status (Live with family), Allowance status (No allowance)

ISSN: 1471-2318