Fig. 2

Diagnosis of osteosarcopenia. Patients with sarcopenia or low bone mineral density (osteopenia or osteoporosis) categorized as having osteosarcopenia. The authors utilized diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia as outlined by the Asian Working Group of Sarcopenia.; low appendicular skeletal muscle mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA; M<7.0 kg/m2, F<5.4 kg/m2] or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA; M<7.0 kg/m2, F<5.7 kg/m2]; low muscle strength, defined as low grip strength [<28 kg for males, <18 kg for females]; or low physical performance, defined as <1.0 m/s in the 6 meter-walking test, ≤9 points in the Short Physical Performance Battery, or ≥12 seconds in the Five Times Sit-to-Stand test. Low bone mineral density is classified as osteopenia (between −1 SD and −2.5 SD T-score) and osteoporosis (< −2.5 SD T-score) according to the World Health Organization criteria