Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 7,392 participants by body mass index category
Characteristic | Underweight (n = 384) | Normal weight (n = 2,999) | Overweight (n = 1,556) | Obese (n = 2,453) | P Value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), y | 62.7 ± 9.5 | 58.4 ± 8.6 | 57.1 ± 8.1 | 56.3 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 |
Male | 217(56.5) | 2275(59.3) | 1065(47.3) | 359(39.2) | < 0.001 |
Rural residence | 273(71.1) | 2505(65.3) | 1231(54.6) | 453(49.5) | < 0.001 |
Married | 319(83.1) | 3255(84.8) | 1976(87.7) | 817(89.2) | < 0.001 |
Educational level | < 0.001 | ||||
No formal education | 81(21.1) | 613(16.0) | 334(14.8) | 137(15.0) | |
Primary school | 195(50.8) | 1796(46.8) | 920(40.8) | 370(40.4) | |
Middle or high school | 107(27.9) | 1371(35.7) | 957(42.5) | 394(43.0) | |
College or above | 1(0.3) | 59(1.5) | 42(1.9) | 15(1.6) | |
Smoking status b | < 0.001 | ||||
Never | 178(46.4) | 1977(51.5) | 1424(63.2) | 640(69.9) | |
Former | 39(10.2) | 343(8.9) | 244(10.8) | 95(10.4) | |
Current | 167(43.5) | 1518(39.6) | 585(26.0) | 181(19.8) | |
Drinking status | < 0.001 | ||||
Never | 212(55.2) | 1979(51.5) | 1331(59.1) | 584(63.8) | |
Former | 36(9.4) | 322(8.4) | 168(7.5) | 80(8.7) | |
Current | 136(35.4) | 1538(40.1) | 754(33.5) | 252(27.5) | |
History of comorbidities | |||||
CVD | 39(10.2) | 438(11.4) | 347(15.4) | 194(21.2) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes b | 8(2.1) | 159(4.2) | 202(9.1) | 116(12.7) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia b | 15(4.0) | 221(5.8) | 330(14.9) | 212(23.7) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension b | 37(9.7) | 697(18.2) | 707(31.5) | 426(46.6) | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease b | 33(8.6) | 199(5.2) | 138(6.1) | 47(5.2) | 0.027 |
History of medication use | |||||
CVD medications | 17(4.4) | 210(5.5) | 179(7.9) | 112(12.2) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes medications b | 0(0.0) | 24(0.6) | 23(1.0) | 9(1.0) | 0.085 |
Hypertension medications b | 25(6.5) | 442(11.6) | 515(23.0) | 345(37.7) | < 0.001 |
Lipid-lowering therapy b | 8(2.1) | 99(2.6) | 141(6.4) | 110(12.3) | < 0.001 |
Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg b | |||||
Systolic | 125.4 ± 22.2 | 126.6 ± 20.0 | 132.8 ± 20.4 | 137.2 ± 21.1 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic | 71.6 ± 12.1 | 73.9 ± 11.6 | 78.5 ± 11.8 | 81.5 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 |
Metabolic biomarkers c | |||||
Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 186.2 ± 35.0 | 191.1 ± 37.1 | 197.3 ± 38.1 | 199.4 ± 39.5 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides, median (IQR), mg/dL | 85.0(65.5,108.9) | 95.6(69.0,138.9) | 123.9(87.6,180.5) | 140.7(99.1,210.6) | < 0.001 |
High-density lipoprotein, mean (SD), mg/dL | 61.0 ± 18.0 | 53.6 ± 15.6 | 47.1 ± 13.2 | 43.3 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 |
Low-density lipoprotein, mean (SD), mg/dL | 107.9 ± 30.9 | 114.6 ± 33.6 | 120.6 ± 35.2 | 118.7 ± 36.8 | < 0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 104.2 ± 35.5 | 107.5 ± 34.5 | 113.7 ± 39.3 | 116.9 ± 38.5 | < 0.001 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 87.0 ± 20.1 | 88.2 ± 21.3 | 90.9 ± 21.8 | 93.9 ± 21.4 | < 0.001 |
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L | 0.8(0.4,1.9) | 0.9(0.5,1.8) | 1.1(0.6,2.1) | 1.6(0.9,3.2) | < 0.001 |
Cognitive scores at baseline | 14.0 ± 4.5 | 15.1 ± 4.4 | 15.9 ± 4.3 | 16.0 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |