Table 1 Preoperative demographic and clinical profiles of patients

Sex

0.448

 Male

30 (53.6%)

134 (60.1%)

 Female

26 (46.4%)

89 (39.9%)

Age (years)

70.82 ± 7.06

71.19 ± 6.51

0.722

Age range (years)

0.625

 60–69

24 (42.9%)

81 (36.3%)

 70–79

25 (44.6%)

115 (51.6%)

 ≥ 80

7 (12.5%)

27 (12.1%)

Weight (kg)

62.36 ± 10.54

63.95 ± 11.18

0.324

Height (cm)

159.03 ± 8.56

160.64 ± 7.90

0.204

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.68 ± 3.88

24.78 ± 4.05

0.856

Education Level

< 0.001*

 ≤ 12 years

25 (44.6%)

159 (71.3%)

 > 12 years

31 (55.4%)

64 (28.7%)

ASA physical status

0.072

 ASA < 3

11 (19.6%)

73 (32.7%)

 ASA ≥ 3

45 (80.4%)

150 (67.3%)

Comorbidities

Neurological system

 Cerebrovascular accident

5 (8.9%)

24 (10.8%)

0.811

 Depression

1 (1.8%)

4 (1.8%)

1.000

 Paraplegia

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.4%)

1.000

 Hemiplegia

0 (0.0%)

4 (1.8%)

0.588

Cardiovascular system

 Hypertension

42 (75.0%)

172 (77.1%)

0.859

 Atrial fibrillation

9 (16.1%)

29 (13.0%)

0.516

 Congestive heart failure

1 (1.8%)

28 (12.6%)

0.014*

 Ischemic heart disease

33 (58.9%)

89 (39.9%)

0.015*

 Valvular heart disease

13 (23.2%)

46 (20.6%)

0.713

 Peripheral vascular disease

1 (1.8%)

5 (2.2%)

1.000

Endocrine system

 Hyperlipidemia

44 (78.6%)

141 (63.2%)

0.030*

 Hypothyroidism

2 (3.6%)

6 (2.7%)

0.660

 Hyperthyroidism

2 (3.6%)

2 (0.9%)

0.177

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus

20 (35.7%)

60 (26.9%)

0.186

Respiratory system

 Asthma

0 (0.0%)

5 (2.2%)

0.587

 Recent upper respiratory tract infection

1 (1.8%)

1 (0.4%)

0.359

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2 (3.6%)

3 (1.3%)

0.259

Renal system

 Chronic kidney disease stage 1

8 (14.3%)

28 (12.6%)

0.659

 Chronic kidney disease stage 2

29 (51.8%)

113 (50.7%)

0.879

 Chronic kidney disease stage 3

9 (16.1%)

46 (20.6%)

0.572

 Chronic kidney disease stage 4

6 (10.7%)

21 (9.4%)

0.799

Others

 Malignancy

11 (19.6%)

67 (30.0%)

0.180

 Metastatic lesion

1 (1.8%)

13 (5.8%)

0.315

 Rheumatic disease

7 (12.5%)

23 (10.3%)

0.629

 Skin ulcer

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.4%)

1.000

 Liver disease

1 (1.8%)

8 (3.6%)

1.000

 Peptic ulcer

1 (1.8%)

1 (0.4%)

0.358

 Electrolyte imbalance

2 (3.6%)

9 (4.0%)

1.000

Alcohol use

3 (5.4%)

13 (5.8%)

1.000

Smoking

2 (3.6%)

2 (0.9%)

0.181

Visual impairment

32 (57.1%)

107 (48.0%)

0.235

Auditory impairment

5 (8.9%)

10 (4.5%)

0.195

Benzodiazepine premedication

 Diazepam

0 (0.0%)

2 (0.9%)

1.000

 Lorazepam

1 (1.8%)

17 (7.6%)

0.135

Site of surgery

0.096

 Cardiovascular-thoracic

38 (67.9%)

122 (54.7%)

 Non-cardiovascular-thoracic

18 (32.1%)

101 (45.3%)

  - Neurological

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.4%)

  - Colorectal

2 (3.6%)

20 (9.0%)

  - Hepatobiliary

3 (5.4%)

5 (2.2%)

  - Gynecological

1 (1.8%)

8 (3.6%)

  - Urological

4 (7.1%)

21 (9.4%)

  - Orthopedic

8 (14.3%)

46 (20.6%)

Timing of surgery

0.644

 Elective

53 (94.6%)

215 (96.4%)

 Urgency

3 (5.4%)

7 (3.1%)

 Emergency

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.4%)