Table 2 Multiple mediation analysis results of sleep problems and depression between indoor air pollution and cognitive health, LASI, 2017-2018

Model 1: Poor cooking practices and mental health

 Indoor Air Pollution (X)

0.158***

0.008

0.011**

0.006

-0.394***

0.026

 Depression(M1)

0.153***

0.003

-0.237***

0.012

 Sleep problems (M2)

-0.158***

0.017

 Age

0.005***

0.001

0.009***

0

-0.114***

0.002

 MPCE quintile

-0.024***

0.005

0.029***

0.003

0.194***

0.015

 Years of Schooling

-0.030***

0.002

-0.010***

0.001

0.668***

0.005

 Sex

  Male®

  Female

0.012

0.014

0.135***

0.01

-1.870***

0.045

 Residence

  Rural®

  Urban

-0.053***

0.015

-0.055**

0.01

1.296***

0.045

 Religion

  Other religious groups®

  Hindus

0.176***

0.015

0.084***

0.01

0.095**

0.046

 Caste

  Other caste group ®

  SC/ST

-0.108

0.014

-0.097***

0.01

-0.847***

0.044

 Marital Status

  Not married ®

  Currently married

-0.273***

0.017

-0.044***

0.012

0.425***

0.054

 R-square

0.034

0.073

0.456

 F-test

250.962

p<0.001

505.794

p<0.001

4902.045

p<0.001

 Indirect Effect Pathways

 Indoor Pollution > Depression > Cognition

-0.038***

 Indoor Pollution > sleep problem > Cognition

-0.002***

 Indoor Pollution > Depression > sleep problems > Cognition

-0.036***

Model 2: Poor cooking practices, indoor smoke product usage and mental health

 Indoor Air Pollution (X)

0.140***

0.01

0.033***

0.007

-0.387***

0.032

 Depression(M1)

0.153***

0.003

-0.243***

0.012

 Sleep problems(M2)

-0.156***

0.017

 Age

0.005***

0.001

0.010***

0

-0.114***

0.002

 MPCE quintile

-0.032***

0.005

0.030***

0.003

0.210***

0.015

 Years of Schooling

-0.032***

0.002

-0.010***

0.001

0.673***

0.005

 Sex

  Male®

  Female

0.006

0.015

0.136***

0.01

-1.857***

0.045

 Residence

  Rural®

  Urban

-0.066***

0.015

-0.052***

0.01

1.321***

0.045

 Religion

  Other religious groups®

  Hindus

0.169***

0.015

0.082***

0.01

0.116**

0.046

 Caste

  Other caste group ®

  SC/ST

-0.096***

0.014

-0.098***

0.01

-0.875***

0.044

 Marital Status

  Not married ®

  Currently married

-0.278***

0.017

-0.044***

0.012

0.436***

0.054

 R-square

0.031

0.073

0.455

 F-test

231.882

p<0.001

507.677

p<0.001

4888.71

p<0.001

 Indirect Effect Pathways

 Indoor Pollution > Depression > Cognition

-0.034***

 Indoor Pollution > Sleep problem > Cognition

-0.005***

 Indoor Pollution > Depression > Sleep problems > Cognition

-0.003***

Model 3: Poor Cooking practices, indoor smoke product usage, second-hand smoke and mental health

 Indoor Air Pollution (X)

0.186***

0.012

0.038***

0.008

-0.381***

0.037

 Depression(M1)

0.153***

0.0028

-0.243***

0.012

 Sleep problems(M2)

-0.157***

0.017

 Age

0.005***

0.001

0.010***

0

-0.114***

0.002

 MPCE quintile

-0.032***

0.005

0.030***

0.003

0.216***

0.015

 Years of Schooling

-0.032***

0.002

-0.010***

0.001

0.673***

0.005

 Sex

  Male®

  Female

0.01

0.015

0.136***

0.01

-1.858***

0.045

 Residence

  Rural®

  Urban

-0.072***

0.015

-0.054***

0.01

1.351***

0.045

 Religion

  Other religious groups®

  Hindus

0.171***

0.015

0.083***

0.01

0.105**

0.046

 Caste

  Other caste group ®

  SC/ST

-0.099***

0.014

-0.098***

0.01

-0.878***

0.044

 Marital Status

  Not married ®

  Currently married

-0.281***

0.017

-0.045***

0.012

0.442***

0.054

 R-square

0.032

0.073

0.455

 F-test

237.632

p<0.001

507.621

p<0.001

4881.056

p<0.001

 Indirect Effect Pathways

 Indoor Pollution > Depression > Cognition

-0.045***

 Indoor Pollution > Sleep problem > Cognition

-0.006***

 Indoor Pollution > Depression > Sleep problem > Cognition

-0.005***