Table 5 Results of subgroup analysis and effects stratified by age and gender

CHEI score

0.046\(^{*}\)

0.018

0.015

-0.018

0.095\(^{**}\)

0.089\(^{*}\)

(0.021)

(0.024)

(0.028)

(0.031)

(0.032)

(0.038)

Age

-0.135\(^{***}\)

-0.107\(^{***}\)

-0.114\(^{*}\)

-0.127\(^{***}\)

-0.177\(^{***}\)

-0.079\(^{*}\)

(0.034)

(0.023)

(0.045)

(0.031)

(0.052)

(0.036)

Urban/Rural

0.947\(^{***}\)

0.673\(^{*}\)

0.861\(^{**}\)

1.233\(^{***}\)

0.973\(^{**}\)

-0.169

(0.239)

(0.269)

(0.327)

(0.361)

(0.357)

(0.412)

Education

0.680\(^{***}\)

0.491\(^{**}\)

0.434\(^{*}\)

0.353

0.844\(^{***}\)

0.506

(0.142)

(0.162)

(0.190)

(0.207)

(0.237)

(0.279)

Log(income)

-0.042

0.177

0.157

0.405\(^{*}\)

-0.339\(^{*}\)

-0.111

(0.101)

(0.142)

(0.130)

(0.195)

(0.158)

(0.206)

BMI

-0.092

0.356\(^{*}\)

-0.123

0.449\(^{*}\)

-0.017

0.188

(0.126)

(0.148)

(0.173)

(0.198)

(0.186)

(0.224)

ADL disability

-0.957

-1.413\(^{**}\)

-1.827

-1.706\(^{*}\)

-0.000

-1.282

(0.690)

(0.486)

(0.976)

(0.704)

(0.976)

(0.678)

Physical activity

-0.002

0.011\(^{*}\)

-0.003

0.013\(^{*}\)

-0.001

-0.000

(0.003)

(0.005)

(0.003)

(0.006)

(0.005)

(0.013)

Drinker

0.136

-0.061

-0.012

-0.154

0.370

-0.069

(0.235)

(0.288)

(0.265)

(0.325)

(0.719)

(0.729)

Smoker

0.410

0.473

0.324

0.666\(^{*}\)

0.066

-0.311

(0.225)

(0.285)

(0.265)

(0.339)

(0.648)

(0.610)

Diabetes

-1.220\(^{*}\)

0.074

-0.233

-0.055

-2.546\(^{**}\)

0.218

(0.532)

(0.565)

(0.719)

(0.773)

(0.810)

(0.827)

Hypertension

-0.258

-0.915\(^{**}\)

0.115

-0.667

-0.598

-1.310\(^{**}\)

(0.266)

(0.282)

(0.361)

(0.372)

(0.396)

(0.435)

Constant

22.060\(^{***}\)

18.830\(^{***}\)

21.530\(^{***}\)

19.960\(^{***}\)

23.770\(^{***}\)

16.490\(^{***}\)

(2.372)

(2.286)

(3.177)

(2.997)

(3.592)

(3.639)

Observations

1,926

1,182

1,089

697

837

485

R-squared

0.061

0.084

0.047

0.109

0.083

0.064