Table 3 Subgroup analysis of depression

Country

 United States

5

-0.145

[-0.311; 0.021]

16.840

.009

 Netherlands

2

-0.154

[-0.542; 0.235]

 Hong Kong

2

-0.492

[-0.779; -0.205]

 Singapore

1

-0.603

[-1.052; -0.154]

 Australia

1

0.150

[-0.164; 0.463]

 Korean

1

-0.143

[-0.288; 0.002]

 Japan

1

-1.142

[-2.060; -0.225]

Intervention setting

 Online

4

-0.114

[-0.366; 0.137]

1.000

.607

 Face-to-face

6

-0.276

[-0.586; 0.034]

 Combination

3

-0.284

[-0.564; -0.005]

Duration

 < 1 month

3

-0.502

[-0.973; -0.032]

5.890

.053

 1–3 months

8

-0.222

[-0.370; -0.075]

 > 3 months

2

0.049

[-0.181; 0.278]

Caregiver type

 Family

10

-0.277

[-0.408; -0.146]

9.020

.003

 Informal

3

0.177

[-0.089; 0.443]

Participant type

 Caregivers

7

-0.178

[-0.294; -0.062]

0.150

.700

 Caregivers and patients

6

-0.234

[-0.493; 0.026]

Patient type

 Dementia

5

-0.380

[-0.666; -0.094]

2.570

.463

 Parkinson’s

1

0.100

[-0.563; 0.763]

 Cancer

5

-0.119

[-0.406; 0.167]

 No specific disease, in long-term care

2

-0.225

[-0.469; 0.018]

Measures

 CES-D

10

-0.196

[-0.343; -0.050]

3.800

.284

 SDS

1

0.100

[-0.563; 0.763]

 DASS

1

-0.603

[-1.052; -0.154]

 HADS

1

-0.195

[-0.690; 0.300]

Measurement time

 Post-intervention

8

-0.275

[-0.467; -0.083]

1.180

.881

 1 month

2

-0.209

[-0.946; 0.528]

 2 months

1

-0.195

[-0.690; 0.300]

 3 months

1

-0.185

[-0.419; 0.049]

 > 3 months

1

-0.067

[-0.403; 0.269]