Table 2 Study characteristics (N = 62)

Intervention Studies

Little et al. (1997) USA: Community based [53]

Effectiveness of group-based behaviour modification intervention on oral hygiene skills, adherence, and clinical outcomes

107 older adults I: 54 C: 53

Age 50–70 years, ≥ 18 teeth, no hepatitis B, diabetes, or immunodeficiency, not taking medications to affect the gingival health or requiring no prophylactic antibiotic premedication

Mojon et al. (1998) Switzerland: Long-term care facility [54]

Effectiveness of preventive oral health program

116 residents

I:58

C:58

Age > 65 years

Simons et al. (2001) United Kingdom: Residential home [55]

Effectiveness of chlorhexidine acetate/xylitol gum on the plaque and gingival indices

111 residents

Age > 60 years, dentate, had not taken antibiotics within 4 weeks

Engfors et al. (2004) Sweden: Clinic based [56]

Clinical and radiologic performances of fixed implant-supported prostheses placed in edentulous elderly patients

248 patients

I:133

C:115

Age ≥ 80 years, had implant surgery between January 1986 and August 1998. no bone grafts

Mariño et al. (2004) Australia: Community-based [57]

Effectiveness of oral health promotion program on the use of oral health services, oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices

520 older adults

Age > 65 years, Italian or Greek background, attended senior citizens clubs

Wyatt et al. (2004) Canada:

Long-term care [58]

Effectiveness of daily mouth rinse with neutral sodium fluoride or chlorhexidine gluconate in reducing the caries

116 residents

Residents having natural teeth; >  3-year life expectancy; ability to use a mouth rinse

Peltola et al. (2007) Finland Hospital [59]

Effectiveness of using electric toothbrush and interdental toothbrush

130 participants

Chronically ill older patients at last years of life in the hospital

Hakuta et al. (2008) Japan: Senior citizens’ centres [60]

Effectiveness of oral function promotion programme in oral health status and oral function

141 older adults

I:79

C:62

Independent elderly attending senior citizens’ activity centres in the Tokyo metropolitan area

Baca et al. (2009) Spain Residential home [61]

Effectiveness of a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish on dental root caries

68 residents

Age 65 years, >  6 teeth, no serious disease, no intake of antibiotics within 2 weeks

Tan et al.

(2010), Hong Kong: Nursing-home [62]

Effectiveness of four different methods in preventing new root caries

306 residents

Residents with > 5 teeth with exposed roots, no serious medical problems, basic self-care ability

Blinkhorn et al. (2011) Australia:

Aged care facility [63]

Introduction of innovative nursing intervention to improve oral health

30 residents

All qualified nur-ses at the ward

Residents with mental health problems

Tashiro et al. (2011) Japan: Nursing home [64]

Effectiveness of toothbrushing, tongue cleaning, chlorhexidine use

12 residents

Dependent residents w/self-brushing difficulty; > 10 teeth, no dentures

Mariño et al., (2013) Australia: Community based [65]

Effectiveness of theory-based oral health promotion intervention by a nondental peer educator

144 older adults I:74 C:70

Age ≥ 55 years, Italian club member, living independently

Van Der Putten et al. (2013)

Netherlands: Care homes [66]

Effectiveness of ‘Oral health care Guideline for the Older population in Long term care institutions’ and a daily oral health care protocol

232 older adults

Residents possessing teeth or removable partial/complete dentures, physically suitable for examination & those expected to reside in care home for the entire 6 mos period. Inclusion criteria for care home include: 120–250 beds, somatic & psychogeriatric wards, ≤100 km from the center of The Netherlands

Zenthofer et al. (2013) Germany:

Long-term care [67]

Effectiveness of professional cleaning of tooth and dentures

106 residents

Residents with care level 1 or no care level and not suffering from dementia or severe infectious diseases

Zhang et al. (2013) Hong Kong: Community [68]

Investigate synergetic use of SDF & OHE

266 older adults

Age 60–89 years, able to perform daily self-care, ≥ 5 teeth with exposed root surfaces, no life-threatening diseases

Bonwell et al. (2014) USA: Long-term care & community [69]

Interprofessional education (IPE) approach to educate direct health care providers

145 health service providers

Students & providers from long-term care and community-licensed health care professionals

Morino et al. (2014) Japan:

Nursing-home [70]

Effectiveness of short-term oral health care on oral microbiological parameters

34 residents

Age > 64 years, >  1 tooth

Kammers et al. (2015) Brazil: Condominium for the elderly [71]

Effectiveness of individually adapted toothbrush handles in reducing of biofilm on dentures

16 residents

Residents in a good state of cognition, wearers of complete maxillary dentures

Khanagar et al. (2015) India: Institutionalized elderly [72]

Educating caregivers

322 residents from 7 elderly homes

I:162,

C:160

Residents willing to reside in the institution for up to 6 mos during intervention; > 10 natural teeth or dentures; cognitively & physically fit to undergo oral examination

Komulainen et al. (2015) Finland: Community [73]

Effect of oral health-promoting intervention

279 older adults

Age > 75 years, from Kuopio, Finland

Ohara et al. (2015) Japan: Community [74]

Effectiveness of oral health educational program on oral health and function

47 older adults

Age ≥ 65 years

Kim et al.

(2016) South Korea: Long-term care [75]

Effectiveness of oral health promotion program

50 residents

I:33

C:17

Age > 65 years, capable of communication and self-toothbrushing

Mariño et al. (2016) Australia: Community [76]

Evaluation of web-based oral health promotion programme

47 older adults

Age ≥ 55 years, from Whittlesea, functioning independently

Avellaneda et al. (2017) Colombia:

Social protection centres [77]

Oral health education strategy: design & implementation

68 residents

Age > 60 years,

good mental & physical health

Deutsch et al. (2017) Australia: Aged care facility [78]

Advanced oral health training to nurses to integrate individualised oral care plans

8 residents

4 staff (nurse/ assistants)

Early dementia residents

Nurses with > 4 years of aged care nursing experience, no prior oral health interventions education

Ildarabadi et al. (2017) Iran: Nursing-home [79]

Effectiveness of oral health care program

101 residents

I:46

C: 55

31 caregivers

Residents with no dental and medical interventions within 3 mos

Nihtila et al. (2017) Finland:

Community [80]

Effectiveness of tailored preventive oral health intervention

269 older adults

Age > 75 years community-based home care clients from 3 communities in Eastern and Central Finland

Sakashita et al. (2017) Japan: Community [81]

Evaluation of program fostering a self-management ability

150 older adults

Age ≥ 60 years

Schwindling et al. (2017) Germany:

Nursing home [82]

Effectiveness of oral health education and use of ultrasonic devices for denture cleaning

269 residents

Participants whose target variables could not be evaluated were excluded (e.g., edentulous residents without dentures)

Fjeld et al. (2018) Norway:

Nursing home [83]

Longer term effect of tooth brush use as per residents’ own preference

204 residents

Those residents having 6 or more natural teeth

Janssens et al. (2018) Belgium:

Nursing home [84]

Impact of an oral healthcare program in nursing homes on the initial treatment backlog and residents’ oral health stability

381 residents

Residents who visited the mobile dental clinic for a first consultation between October 2010 (i.e., when Gerodent started) and April 2012.

Lavigne et al. (2018) Canada:

Nursing home [85]

Effectiveness of twice-daily use of rotating-oscillating power toothbrush in periodontal inflammation

59 residents

Those residents having 6 or more natural teeth

Marchini et al. (2018) USA:

Nursing home [86]

Evaluate feasibility to test clinical and microbiological effectiveness of a nursing facility

81 residents

All residents

Seleskog et al. (2018) Sweden:

Nursing home [87]

Effectiveness of oral health care education program

37 residents

(I:15, C: 22)

53 staff (I:23, C = 30)

Residents

Berniyanti et al. (2019) Indonesia:

Nursing home [88]

Effectiveness of counselling and training on toothbrushing for full/partial edentulous teeth

12 residents

Older adults from the selected nursing homes

Iwao et al. (2019) Japan:

Community [89]

Effectiveness of oral health prevention program (3 month)

43 older adults

Age ≥ 65 years

Exclusions: on long-term support, stroke related motor paralysis

Keyong et al. (2019) Thailand: Community [90]

Effectiveness of an oral health promotion program

162 older adults

Age 60–74, ≥ 6 teeth, no disability

Leon et al. (2019) Chile: Community [91]

Effectiveness of toothbrushing with 5000 ppm versus 1450 ppm fluoridated dentifrice

345 older adults

Age ≥ 60 years, from areas with fluoridated water (0.7 ppm F), independently-living

Laurence et al. (2019) USA: Long-term care [92]

Effectiveness of checklist for oral care

32 residents

I:19

C:13

English speaking patients, >  4 teeth

Saleem et al. (2019) Japan:

Hospital [93]

Effectiveness of lip trainer device (Group P) & sonic toothbrush (Group S). Control group (Group C)

39 patients

Group P:13

Group S:13

Group C:13)

≥60 years, ≥20 teeth, with periodontal disease referred to hospital between April 2013 & Dec 2016

Tellez et al. (2019) USA: Dental clinics [94]

Examining treatment fidelity of an individual-based MI intervention

60 patients

Age ≥ 55 years, attending dental clinics appointment

Tellez et al. (2020) USA: Attending the dental clinics [95]

Efficacy of individualised ‘Motivational Interviewing’ approach to oral health education

180 patients

Age ≥ 55 years, fluent in English, with scheduled dental appointment

Ting et al. (2019) Taiwan: Community [96]

Effectiveness of an oral health educational programme

539 older adults

Age ≥ 65 years, can perform oral function exercises

Johansson et al. (2020)

Sweden:

Nursing home [97]

Feasibility of oral health coaching programme

33 staff (I: 24 and C: 9) and 46 residents (I: 30 and C: 16)

Staff and all residents

Konstantopoulou et al. (2020)

Greece:

Nursing home [98]

Design, implement, and evaluate oral health education program for nursing home caregivers

55 caregivers (I:28, and C:27)

Caregivers

Lee et al. (2020) South Korea: Nursing home [99]

Effectiveness of oral health care program

135 residents (45 per group)

Age ≥ 65 years not received any dental care within 6 mos.

Lee et al., (2020) South Korea: Community [100]

Effects of oral health education programme utilising a workbook

120 older adults (I:40, 40 and C:40)

Age ≥ 65 years, able to read Korean, able to walk/move

Ho et al., (2021)

The Netherlands: Community [101]

Early recognition of decreased oral health status and establishing a need for interprofessional care

407 older adults and 50 healthcare professionals

Community-dwelling frail older people Healthcare professionals from general practice, a dental practice, home care organization

Ki et al., (2021) South Korea: Community [102]

Effectiveness of oral health education using a mobile app (OHEMA) on oral health & SWAL-QoL

46 older adults (I:24 and C:22)

Able to communicate without linguistic, auditory or visual impairment, normal cognitive ability

Lee et al., (2021) South Korea: Senior welfare centre [103]

Effectiveness of oral health education programme

90 older adults

Age > 65 years, able to read and understand Korean

Northridge et al., (2021)

USA: Community [104]

Acceptability of a community health worker intervention on oral health

74 older adults

Older Chinese Americans (Chinese immigrants)

Peroz & Klein (2021) Germany: Residential/ retirement home [105]

Investigate influence of quarterly professional dental hygiene treatment

160 (Home A: 99 and Home B: 61)

All residents

Patel et al. (2021) UK: Residential/ nur-sing care homes [106]

Introducing risk-based preventative OH program

49 residents

Age > 65 years

Pawluk et al. (2021) Canada: Residential care facility [107]

Impact of online oral health education module on personal support workers’know-ledge and beliefs

109 (88 residents for Quant; 21for Qual data collection)

All personal support workers

Sun et al., (2021) Taiwan: Community [108]

Effectiveness of easy-to-read health education materials to improvement oral heath literacy

129 older adults (I:72 and C:57)

Age ≥ 60 years, communicating in Mandarin Chinese/Taiwanese Hokkien

Wanyonyi et al., (2021) UK: Primary dental care centre [109]

Comparison of acceptability and perceived helpfulness of an e-oral health intervention

150 patients (I:76 and C:74)

Age ≥ 65 years dentate; communicate in English

Observational study

Strayer

(1991)

USA: State level [110]

Explore existing and possible future oral health programs

48 participants

State level dental directors or dental program managers (If none: health department administrators

Chalmers et al. (2005) Australia:

Mixed samples (RACFs/dental professionals/ health educators) [111]

Usefulness and appropriateness of the Practical Oral Care Video

294 video purchasers

Practical Oral Care video purchasers

McAnulla et al. (2018) UK: Nursing home [112]

Assess caregivers’ awareness & knowledge on oral health care

N/A

N/A

Lee et al., (2021) South Korea: Nation- wide [113]

Assess the denture procedure among the older adults

17,264 older adults

Age ≥ 65 years, under National health insurance

Comparative/

Review Study

Tynan et al. (2018) Australia: Aged care facilities [114]

Impact and experience of integrated approach to oral health

252 residents (111 in integrated model (IM) and 141 without IM)

All residents