Loneliness among older Chinese individuals: the status quo and relationships with activity-related factors

BMC Geriatrics

Table 2 Demographic characteristics of activity participation and activity ability

Characteristic	Activity Participation	t/F	Activity Ability	t/F
Characteristic	M ± SD	t/F	M ± SD	t/F
Gender		51.820^***		15.782^***
Male	2.20 ± 1.43		77.12 ± 10.09
Female	1.88 ± 1.36		76.38 ± 11.28
Educational level		12823.891^***		478.226^***
Illiteracy	1.34 ± 0.96		75.07 ± 12.96
Primary school	1.88 ± 1.18		77.08 ± 10.04
Junior high school	2.68 ± 1.47		77.93 ± 8.68
High/polytechnic school	3.29 ± 1.58		77.94 ± 8.96
Junior college	3.93 ± 1.56		78.31 ± 8.53
University or above	3.94 ± 1.52		78.21 ± 8.37
Ethnic minority		-31.181^***		-5.205^***
Yes	1.69 ± 1.32		76.25 ± 10.94
No	2.06 ± 1.40		76.77 ± 10.72
Region of residence		471.338^***		253.658^***
East	2.13 ± 1.40		77.32 ± 10.09
Central	1.92 ± 1.32		76.26 ± 11.45
West	2.00 ± 1.48		76.24 ± 10.88
Area of residence		169.273^***		13.280^***
Urban	2.49 ± 1.52		77.03 ± 10.59
Rural	1.54 ± 1.05		76.41 ± 10.88
Living status		54.170^***		0.346
Living alone	1.70 ± 1.26		76.81 ± 9.66
Living with others	2.12 ± 1.42		76.83 ± 10.72
Religious faith		-19.391^***		1.349
Yes	1.92 ± 1.34		76.8 ± 10.33
No	2.06 ± 1.41		76.72 ± 10.83
Marital status		83.907^***		42.247^***
Married/Remarried	2.18 ± 1.43		77.46 ± 9.45
Widowed/Divorced/Single	1.65 ± 1.25		74.85 ± 13.35

Note. *** p < 0.001; M ± SD = Mean ± Standard Deviation; t is the statistical value of student’s t test; F is the statistical value of F test

ISSN: 1471-2318