Table 1 Differences in loneliness by demographic variables
Characteristic | Overall cohort (n = 220,506) | Non-loneliness (n = 139,719) | Loneliness (n = 80,787) | X2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 1157.446*** |
 Male | 105,371(47.8) | 31,826(50.5) | 34,760(43.0) |  |
 Female | 115,135(52.2) | 33,641(49.5) | 46,027(57.0) |  |
Educational level | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Illiteracy | 64,944(29.5) | 33,118(23.8) | 31,826(39.5) | 9392.038*** |
 Primary school | 90,861(41.3) | 57,220(41.1) | 33,641(41.8) |  |
 Junior high school | 41,487(18.9) | 30,790(22.1) | 10,697(13.3) |  |
 High/polytechnic school | 15,616(7.1) | 12,387(8.9) | 3229(4.0) |  |
 Junior college | 4496(2.0) | 3778(2.7) | 718(0.9) |  |
 University or above | 2401(1.1) | 2027(1.5) | 374(0.5) |  |
Ethnic minority | Â | Â | Â | 615.388*** |
 Yes | 14,111(6.4) | 7569(5.4) | 6542(8.1) |  |
 No | 206,164(93.6) | 132,025(94.6) | 74,139(91.9) |  |
Region of residence | Â | Â | Â | 1273.023*** |
 East | 99,258(45.0) | 66,905(47.9) | 32,353(40.0) |  |
 Central | 71,150(32.3) | 42,599(30.5) | 28,551(35.3) |  |
 West | 50,098(22.7) | 30,215(21.6) | 19,883(24.6) |  |
Area of residence | Â | Â | Â | 4611.290*** |
 Urban | 114,911(52.1) | 80,486(57.6) | 34,425(42.6) |  |
 Rural | 105,595(47.9) | 59,233(42.2) | 46,362(57.4) |  |
Living status | Â | Â | Â | 17166.499*** |
 Living alone | 33,091(15.9) | 10,692(8.0) | 22,399(29.9) |  |
 Living with others | 174,716(84.1) | 122,324(92.0) | 52,392(70.1) |  |
Religious faith | Â | Â | Â | 127.986*** |
 Yes | 40,591(18.6) | 24,739(17.9) | 15,852(19.8) |  |
 No | 177,919(81.4) | 113,770(82.1) | 64,149(80.2) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 30478.901*** |
 Married/Remarried | 152,223(71.8) | 113,745(84.8) | 38,478(49.4) |  |
 Widowed/Divorced/Single | 59,910(28.2) | 20,447(15.2) | 39,463(50.6) |  |