Table 3 Impact of the Intervention on Outcome Measures at Three Timepoints (Group × Time) test (N = 69)

SPPB

4.402 0.040

14.109 0.000

15.547 0.000

 Intervention group (G₁)

8.82 ± 1.55

9.94 ± 1.28

9.71 ± 1.38

 Control group (G₂)

8.80 ± 1.59

8.77 ± 1.48

8.77 ± 1.47

BT

30.980 0.000

9.262 0.010

45.911 0.000

 Intervention group (G₁)

3.24 ± 0.12

3.97 ± 0.03

3.79 ± 0.07

 Control group (G₂)

3.26 ± 0.12

3.00 ± 0.08

2.97 ± 0.12

GS

0.596 0.440

5.741 0.057

5.784 0.055

 Intervention group (G₁)

2.68 ± 0.14

2.71 ± 0.14

2.76 ± 0.14

 Control group (G₂)

2.69 ± 0.13

3.30 ± 0.11

2.80 ± 0.10

STS

1.733 0.188

4.293 0.117

8.677 0.013

 Intervention group (G₁)

2.91 ± 0.16

3.26 ± 0.15

3.15 ± 0.15

 Control group (G₂)

2.86 ± 0.18

2.77 ± 0.15

2.89 ± 0.15

OLST

30.780 0.000

80.073 0.000

80.515 0.000

 Intervention group (G₁)

10.41 ± 9.62

31.50 ± 20.63

27.15 ± 19.40

 Control group (G₂)

7.34 ± 5.32

7.31 ± 5.03

7.31 ± 5.02

AAQ

12.042 0.001

23.296 0.000

24.114 0.000

 Intervention group (G₁)

79.32 ± 10.09

84.76 ± 7.91

84.62 ± 7.86

 Control group (G₂)

74.71 ± 11.17

74.63 ± 11.29

74.49 ± 11.28

Psychosocial loss

7.679 0.007

7.535 0.001

5.591 0.006

 Intervention group (G₁)

32.24 ± 5.96

33.91 ± 4.48

33.76 ± 4.28

 Control group (G₂)

29.83 ± 6.13

29.74 ± 5.94

29.57 ± 5.77

Physical change

3.648 0.060

10.345 0.000

6.239 0.003

 Intervention group (G₁)

24.65 ± 5.66

26.71 ± 4.78

26.68 ± 4.73

 Control group (G₂)

23.26 ± 6.39

23.49 ± 6.40

23.43 ± 6.41

Psychological growth

3.785 0.056

9.616 0.000

11.990 0.000

 Intervention group (G₁)

22.41 ± 4.13

24.15 ± 3.28

24.18 ± 3.27

 Control group (G₂)

21.60 ± 5.43

21.51 ± 5.03

21.49 ± 4.99

CPSS

2.876 0.095

1.773 0.178

1.103 0.338

 Intervention group (G₁)

33.53 ± 6.35

32.29 ± 4.98

32.41 ± 4.44

 Control group (G₂)

34.97 ± 5.19

34.83 ± 5.61

34.80 ± 5.26