Table 1 Participant summary characteristics

Mean age (years, SD)

55.53

59.68 ± 10.730

50.65 ± 11.397

< 0.001

–

Female, n(%)

493

295 (60.1%)

198 (47.5%)

< 0.001

–

Smoking status, yes n (%)

221 (24.4%)

130 (26.5%)

91 (21.8%)

0.104

–

Alcohol consumption, non-drinker, n (%)

679 (74.9%)

362 (73.7%)

317 (76.0%)

0.490

–

Education

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

4.00 (3.00, 5.00)

5.00 (4.00, 5.00)

< 0.001

−11.302

Diabetes, yes n (%)

100 (11%)

58 (11.8%)

42 (10%)

0.457

–

Mean BMI (kg/m2, SD)

25.21 ± 3.40

25.37 ± 3.25

25.01 ± 3.56

0.113

–

Cardiovascular disease, n (%)

2 (0.2%)

2 (0.4%)

0

0.503

–

Hypertension n (%)

433 (47.7%)

265 (54.0%)

168 (40.3%)

< 0.001

–

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

125 (13.8%)

76 (15.5%)

49 (11.8%)

0.102

–

Mean MOCA test score (SD)

24.49 ± 3.84

21.78 ± 3.148

27.66 ± 1.318

< 0.001

–

CSVD

–

–

–

< 0.001

94.723

 0

296 (32.6%)

101 (20.6%)

195 (46.8%)

–

–

 1

271 (29.8%)

146 (29.7%)

125 (30.0%)

–

–

 2

190 (20.9%)

126 (25.7%)

64 (15.3%)

–

–

 3

90 (9.9%)

65 (13.2%)

25 (6.0%)

–

–

 4

61 (6.7%)

52 (10.6%)

9 (2.2%)

–

–

Medication use

 Hypoglycemic agents, n (%)

59 (6.5%)

26 (5.3%)

33 (7.9%)

0.137

 Antihypertensive medication, n (%)

316 (34.8%)

166 (33.8%)

150 (36.0%)

0.529

 Lipid-modifying medication, n (%)

66 (7.3%)

35 (7.1%)

31 (7.4%)

0.898

AVR

0.722 ± 0.128

0.714 ± 0.142

0.732 ± 0.108

0.030

CRAE

155.048 ± 28.619

151.748 ± 29.719

158.862 ± 26.864

<0.001

CRVE

217.068 ± 34.726

214.560 ± 37.510

219.977 ± 31.034

0.019

FD

1.305 ± 0.084

1.289 ± 0.090

1.324 ± 0.074

<0.001

Global artery width

79.248 ± 12.853

78.711 ± 13.701

79.777 ± 11.633

0.205

Global vein width

127.703 ± 28.889

133.062 ± 33.319

121.497 ± 21.074

<0.001