Table 3 Association between functional tooth loss, common indicators of tooth loss and the sGOHAI score (n = 744)

Total sGOHAI score

1.80 (1.32–2.45)^***

1.49 (1.05–2.11)^*

1.56 (1.09–2.24)^*

1.39 (0.93–2.08)

1.58 (1.11–2.24)^*

1.43 (0.96–2.13)

1.05 (1.02–1.08)^**

1.03 (0.99–1.06)

1 Limit the kind of food

2.06 (1.47–2.88)^***

1.52 (1.05–2.19)^*

1.90 (1.27–2.85)^**

1.50 (0.97–2.31)

1.99 (1.34–2.94)^**

1.59 (1.04–2.43)^*

1.08 (1.04–1.11)^***

1.04 (1.01–1.08)^*

2 Trouble biting/chewing

2.09 (1.50–2.90)^***

1.58 (1.09–2.28)^*

1.70 (1.16–2.51)^**

1.36 (0.89–2.09)

1.74 (1.19–2.53)^**

1.40 (0.92–2.13)

1.10 (1.06–1.13)^***

1.07 (1.03–1.11)^***

3 Trouble swallowing

1.56 (1.11–2.19)^*

1.38 (0.96–1.99)

1.88 (1.28–2.76)^**

1.72 (1.15–2.59)^**

1.71 (1.17–2.49)^**

1.58 (1.06–2.36)^*

1.05 (1.01–1.08)^*

1.03 (1.00–1.07)

4 Unable to speak clearly

5.20 (3.51–7.69)^***

4.82 (3.17–7.33)^***

3.99 (2.67–5.98)^***

3.94 (2.55–6.07)^***

3.64 (2.44–5.42)^***

3.50 (2.29–5.37)^***

1.15 (1.11–1.20)^***

1.15 (1.10–1.20)^***

5 Discomfort when eating

1.25 (0.91–1.72)

1.09 (0.77–1.53)

1.42 (0.99–2.05)

1.36 (0.92–2.02)

1.31 (0.92–1.87)

1.26 (0.86–1.84)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)^*

1.03 (0.99–1.06)

8 Medications for pain

1.23 (0.89–1.70)

1.00 (0.71–1.41)

0.92 (0.63–1.35)

0.77 (0.51–1.15)

1.01 (0.70–1.46)

0.85 (0.58–1.26)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

12 Sensitive gums

0.51 (0.37–0.70)^***

0.45 (0.32–0.63)^***

0.43 (0.30–0.63)^***

0.39 (0.26–0.58)^***

0.46 (0.32–0.65)^***

0.42 (0.28–0.62)^***

0.93 (0.90–0.96)^***

0.92 (0.89–0.95)^***

6 Limit contact with others

2.54 (1.72–3.74)^***

2.52 (1.65–3.83)^***

2.19 (1.43–3.35)^***

2.25 (1.43–3.54)^***

2.23 (1.47–3.39)^***

2.32 (1.49–3.62)^***

1.08 (1.04–1.13)^***

1.08 (1.04–1.13)^***

7 Unhappy with appearance

1.87 (1.37–2.55)^***

1.69 (1.20–2.37)^**

1.64 (1.14–2.36)^**

1.50 (1.02–2.21)^*

1.60 (1.12–2.28)^**

1.48 (1.02–2.16)^*

1.05 (1.02–1.08)^**

1.04 (1.00–1.07)^*

9 Worried or concerned

0.77 (0.56–1.05)

0.71 (0.51–0.98)^*

0.74 (0.51–1.06)

0.71 (0.48–1.04)

0.83 (0.58–1.18)

0.81 (0.56–1.18)

0.97 (0.94–1.00)

0.97 (0.93–1.00)^*

10 Nervous, self-conscious

1.96 (1.38–2.78)^***

1.76 (1.20–2.58)^***

1.93 (1.31–2.87)^**

1.89 (1.23–2.89)^**

1.91 (1.30–2.81)^**

1.89 (1.24–2.87)^**

1.08 (1.04–1.12)^***

1.07 (1.03–1.12)^***

11 Uncomfortable eating in front of others

2.42 (1.72–3.40)^***

2.12 (1.46–3.07)^***

3.11 (1.44–3.09)^***

1.95 (1.29–2.95)^**

2.06 (1.41–2.99)^***

1.92 (1.28–2.88)^**

1.09 (1.06–1.13)^***

1.08 (1.04–1.12)^***