Table 2 Results of the quality assessment

Choi, 2008 [24]

Case controls

***

**

**

*******

Zhao, 2022 [19]

Cross sectional

****

**

*

*******

Xu, 2022 [41]

Cross sectional

***

**

**

*******

Santos, 2022 [43]

Cross sectional

***

**

*

******

Dias, 2022 [44]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Simmons, 2021 [45]

Cross sectional

***

**

**

*******

Oetzel, 2021 [20]

Cross sectional

**

**

**

******

Sooryanarayana, 2020 [46]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Koga, 2020 [47]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Zheng, 2019 [48]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Park, 2018 [49]

Cross sectional

****

**

*

*******

Williams, 2017 [39]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Vilar-Compte, 2017 [50]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Liu, 2017 [21]

Cross sectional

**

**

**

******

Nisha, 2016 [51]

Cross sectional

*

**

**

*****

Melchiorre, 2016 [37]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Beach, 2016 [52]

Cross sectional

****

**

*

*******

Chokkanathan, 2015 [35]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Guedes, 2015 [53]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

James, 2014 [22]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

******

Lee, 2014 [23]

Cross sectional

***

**

**

*******

Adamczyk, 2013 [54]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Macassa, 2013 [38]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Dong, 2013 [55]

Cross sectional

**

**

**

******

Yan, 2012 [56]

Cross sectional

***

**

**

*******

Cevirme, 2012 [57]

Cross sectional

**

**

**

******

Naughton, 2011 [58]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Amstadter, 2011 [60]

Cross sectional

****

**

**

********

Acierno, 2010 [40]

Cross sectional

***

**

**

*******

Chokkanathan, 2005 [36]

Cross sectional

***

**

**

*******