Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

• permanent residents of Hong Kong

• aged 65 years or above living independently at home

• diagnosed with possible sarcopenia and/or having had either a fall in the past year or fear of falling with a score of ≥ 20 points on FES-I

• able to speak and listen to Cantonese

• able to walk without mobility aids in their home

• diagnosed with dementia or cognitive impairment, Mini-Mental State (MMSE) < 25

• severe vision impairments that do not permit the use of a tablet, reading of the exercise booklet, and completing the activity diaries

• unable to pass the preparticipation Health Screening of the ACSM and the subsequent medical clearance

• regular physical activities in the past 6 months based on the definition of WHO [28]