Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants in the development and validation cohorts

Fall event

9,127 (1.8)

9,664 (1.7)

0.851

Age group

 65 ~ 69

160,630 (30.9)

167,732 (30.3)

 < 0.001

 70 ~ 74

132,592 (25.5)

141,300 (25.6)

  ≥ 75

227,381 (43.7)

243,699 (44.1)

Male

215,194 (41.3)

229,810 (41.6)

0.011

Insurance: Medical aid

37,696 (7.2)

39,244 (7.1)

0.005

Comorbid disease

 Prior fall-related injury

30,189 (5.8)

33,244 (6.0)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

384,631 (73.9)

405,190 (73.3)

 < 0.001

 Chronic heart failure

45,007 (8.7)

48,653 (8.8)

0.004

 Diabetes mellitus

191,089 (36.7)

207,143 (37.5)

 < 0.001

 Dyslipidemia

310,685 (59.7)

342,403 (61.9)

 < 0.001

 Ischemic heart disease

82,778 (15.9)

87,353 (15.8)

0.171

 Cerebrovascular disease

72,525 (13.9)

77,448 (14.0)

0.227

 Arrhythmia

31,515 (6.1)

24,745 (4.5)

 < 0.001

 Dorsopathy

270,476 (52.0)

291,260 (52.7)

 < 0.001

 Osteoporosis

113,345 (21.8)

126,037 (22.8)

 < 0.001

 Osteoarthritis

218,801 (42.0)

236,722 (42.8)

 < 0.001

 Parkinsonism

11,866 (2.3)

12,485 (2.3)

0.476

 Urinary incontinence

13,273 (2.5)

14,654 (2.7)

 < 0.001

CCI score, mean ± SD

1.79 ± 1.66

1.70 ± 1.63

 < 0.001

 0 ~ 2

378,273 (72.7)

412,071 (74.6)

 < 0.001

 3 ~ 4

107,478 (20.6)

107,150 (19.4)

  ≥ 5

34,582 (6.7)

33,510 (6.1)

Concurrent medication

 CCBs

235,483 (45.2)

249,311 (45.1)

0.198

 ACEi/ARBs

257,955 (49.5)

276,238 (50.0)

 < 0.001

 Beta blockers

80,931 (15.5)

84,854 (15.4)

0.006

 Loop diuretics

23,168 (4.5)

24,664 (4.5)

0.763

 Sulfonylureas

59,915 (11.5)

61,565 (11.1)

 < 0.001

 Insulin

12,476 (2.4)

13,772 (2.5)

0.001

 Corticosteroids

20,984 (4.0)

23,009 (4.2)

 < 0.001

 NSAIDs

111,782 (21.5)

121,863 (22.0)

 < 0.001

 Warfarin

4186 (0.8)

3664 (0.7)

 < 0.001

 DOACs

11,765 (2.3)

14,600 (2.7)

 < 0.001

 Opioids (excluding tramadol)

6026 (1.2)

6496 (1.2)

0.392

 Tramadol

44,893 (8.6)

49,245 (8.9)

 < 0.001

 Benzodiazepines

61,596 (11.8)

64,304 (11.6)

0.002

 Zolpidem

16,276 (3.1)

17,506 (3.2)

0.227

 Gabapentinoids

23,259 (4.5)

27,122 (4.9)

 < 0.001

 TCAs

16,121 (3.1)

16,615 (3.0)

0.006

 SSRIs

18,658 (3.6)

21,714 (3.9)

 < 0.001

 Antipsychotics

14,180 (2.7)

16,544 (3.0)

 < 0.001

 1st generation antihistamines

40,984 (7.9)

43,912 (7.9)

0.166

 Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors

32,482 (6.2)

36,659 (6.6)

 < 0.001

 Vitamin D

22,969 (4.4)

26,268 (4.8)

 < 0.001

 Bisphosphonates

53,616 (10.3)

55,798 (10.1)

 < 0.001

No. of medications, mean ± SD

7.02 ± 4.48

7.19 ± 4.58

 < 0.001

 0 ~ 4

174,618 (33.5)

179,300 (32.4)

 < 0.001

 5 ~ 9

216,109 (41.5)

227,845 (41.2)

  ≥ 10

129,876 (25.0)

145,586 (26.3)