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Table 1 Demographic, systemic, and socioeconomic characteristics of participants in the PIONEER study, stratified by frailty status (N = 2214)

From: Individual and combined associations of sarcopenia, osteoporosis and obesity with frailty in a multi-ethnic asian older adult population

 

n (%)

P-value

 

Overall (N = 2214)

Not frail (N = 1114)

Frail (N = 1100)

Age group

   

 < 0.001

 60–69

898 (40.1)

592 (53.1)

306 (27.8)

 

 70–79

737 (33.3)

365 (32.8)

372 (33.8)

 

  ≥ 80

579 (26.2)

157 (14.1)

422 (38.4)

 

Gender

   

0.008

 Male

1039 (46.9)

554 (49.7)

485 (44.1)

 

 Female

1175 (53.1)

560 (50.3)

615 (55.9)

 

Race

   

 < 0.001

 Chinese

1118 (50.5)

660 (59.3)

458 (41.6)

 

 Malay

570 (25.8)

241 (21.6)

329 (29.9)

 

 Indian

526 (23.8)

213 (19.1)

313 (28.5)

 

Diabetes

725 (36.3)

300 (29.4)

425 (43.5)

 < 0.001

Hypertension

1877 (85.1)

905 (81.4)

972 (88.8)

 < 0.001

IHD

353 (17.4)

140 (13.2)

213 (22.0)

 < 0.001

Stroke

90 (4.3)

35 (3.3)

55 (5.5)

0.015

CKD

408 (20.4)

131 (12.7)

277 (28.6)

 < 0.001

Cognitive impairment

297 (13.7)

55 (5.1)

242 (22.4)

 < 0.001

OP

664 (32.3)

289 (27.3)

375 (37.5)

 < 0.001

SP

965 (46.9)

372 (34.7)

593 (60.0)

 < 0.001

OB (high FMI)

815 (40.0)

375 (35.7)

440 (44.5)

 < 0.001

OSO triad

   

 < 0.001

 None

340 (16.7)

278 (26.6)

62 (6.3)

 

 OP only

135 (6.7)

96 (9.2)

39 (4.0)

 

 SP only

386 (19.0)

169 (16.2)

217 (22.0)

 

 OB only

496 (24.4)

260 (24.9)

236 (24.0)

 

 OP and SP only

356 (17.5)

129 (12.3)

227 (23.1)

 

 OP and OB only

97 (4.8)

41 (3.9)

56 (5.7)

 

 SP and OB only

151 (7.4)

55 (5.3)

96 (9.8)

 

 OSO

70 (3.5)

18 (1.7)

52 (5.3)

 

Smoking status

   

0.311

 Never smoked or past smoker

1990 (90.9)

995 (90.3)

995 (91.5)

 

 Current smoker

199 (9.1)

107 (9.7)

92 (8.5)

 

Alcohol status

   

 < 0.001

 Never drank or past drinker

1901 (86.8)

904 (82.0)

997 (91.7)

 

 Current drinker

288 (13.2)

198 (18.0)

90 (8.3)

 
  1. Diabetes: HbA1c > 6.5%, random blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, use of diabetic medication or self-reported; Hypertension: Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg, physician diagnosis, use of BP medication and/or self-report; Chronic kidney disease (CKD): Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73m2, based on the US National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) Working Group definition. eGFR is estimated from the serum creatinine concentration (eGFR) using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation; Cognitive impairment: 6-CIT score ≥ 8 or total montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA) score < 19 for individuals with education lower or equal to primary, < 22 for individuals with secondary or A levels and < 24 for individuals with tertiary education; Osteoporosis: Presence of condition based on WHO classification from spine or hip DEXA scan; Sarcopenia: Low muscle mass and low grip strength or low gait speed; Obesity (High FMI): Gender-specific two upper quintile of FMI (> 8.51 kg/m2 for males and > 11.63 kg/m2 for females); Frail: Presence of ≥ 3 conditions (shrinkage, low gait speed, low grip strength, exhaustion, low moderate to vigourous physicial activity); Low grip grip strength: Average grip strength < 28 kg for males and < 18 kg for females; Low gait speed: gait speed < 1.0 m/s; Shrinkage: BMI < 18.5; Low moderate to physical activity: Gender-specific lowest quintile of total weekly moderate to vigorous physical activity (< 2 h for both males and females)
  2. Missing diabetes (n = 217); hypertension (n = 7); IHD (n = 184); stroke (n = 136); CKD (n = 215); cognitive impairment (n = 46); osteoporosis (n = 155); sarcopenia (n = 155); obesity (n = 175); OSO triad (n = 183); smoking status (n = 25); and alcohol frequency (n = 25)
  3. Abbreviations: IHD Ischemic heart disease, CKD Chronic kidney disease, FMI Fat mass index, OSO Osteoporosis-sarcopenia-obesity
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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