Table 1 Characteristics of the sample

Age in years, mean ± SD^¶

68.8 ± 7.4

69.0 ± 7.3

68.7 ± 7.6

0.001

Age group, n (%)^#

<0.001

 60–64

7,007 (33.7)

3,331 (32.2)

3,676 (35.3)

 65–69

5,684 (27.4)

2,923 (28.2)

2,761 (26.5)

 70–74

3,514 (16.9)

1,849 (17.9)

1,665 (16)

 75–79

2,070 (10)

1,060 (10.2)

1,010 (9.7)

 80–84

1,042 (5)

543 (5.2)

499 (4.8)

 ≥85

1,448 (7)

648 (6.3)

800 (7.7)

Ever attended school, n (%)^#

 Yes

14,575 (46.3)

9,619 (67.6)

4,956 (34)

<0.001

 No

16,889 (53.7)

5,479 (32.4)

11,410 (66)

Year of school, mean ± SD^¶

7.2 ± 3.9

7.9 ± 4.1

6.6 ± 3.7

<0.001

Highest level of education, n (%)^#

<0.001

 Less than primary school (standard 1–4)

3,781 (25.9)

2,184 (22.7)

1,597 (32.2)

 Primary school (standard 4–7)

3,779 (25.9)

2,295 (23.9)

1,484 (29.9)

 Middle school (standard 8–9)

2,238 (15.4)

1,555 (16.2)

683 (13.8)

 Secondary/Matriculation

2,376 (16.3)

1,752 (18.2)

624 (12.6)

 Intermediate/senior secondary

946 (6.5)

708 (7.4)

238 (4.8)

 Diploma and certificate holder

146 (1)

105 (1.1)

41 (0.8)

 Graduates

815 (5.6)

624 (6.5)

192 (3.9)

 Post-graduates

258 (1.8)

206 (2.1)

52 (1)

 Professional Degree

235 (1.6)

190 (2)

45 (0.9)

Religion, n (%)^#

0.861

 Hindu

23,037 (73.2)

11,078 (73.4)

11,959 (73.1)

 Muslim

3,731 (11.9)

1,804 (11.9)

1,927 (11.8)

 Christian

3,150 (10)

1,468 (9.7)

1,682 (10.3)

 Sikh

979 (3.1)

481 (3.2)

498 (3)

 Buddist/neo-Buddhist

209 (0.7)

105 (0.7)

104 (0.6)

 Jain

73 (0.2)

33 (0.2)

40 (0.2)

 None

65 (0.2)

30 (0.2)

35 (0.2)

 Others (Jewish, Parsi, or Zoroastrian)

219 (0.7)

99 (0.7)

120 (0.7)

Caste category, n (%)^#

0.252

 Scheduled caste (SC)

5,140 (16.9)

2,448 (16.7)

2,692 (17.1)

 Scheduled Tribe (ST)

5,173 (17)

2,436 (16.6)

2,737 (17.3)

 Other backward class (OBC)

11,886 (39.1)

5,781 (39.5)

6,105 (38.7)

 None of them

8,218 (27)

3,970 (27.1)

4,248 (26.9)

Marital status, n (%)^#

<0.001

 Married

19,920 (63.3)

12,398 (82.7)

7,522 (46.1)

 Widow/Divorced/Separated

11,073 (35.4)

2,414 (16.1)

8,659 (53.1)

 Never married

301 (1)

178 (1.2)

123 (0.8)

Place of residence, n (%)^#

0.002

 Rural

20,717 (65.8)

10,073 (66.7)

10,644 (65)

 Urban

10,747 (34.2)

5,025 (33.3)

5,722 (35)

Body mass index (kg/m²), mean ± SD^¶

17.0 ± 3.6

17.4 ± 3.4

16.7 ± 3.9

<0.001

Handgrip strength (kg), mean ± SD^¶

<0.001

 Dominat right hand

20.5 ± 3.5

24.7 ± 3.4

16.3 ± 3.6

 Nondomiant left hand

18.6 ± 3.8

22.7 ± 3.9

14.6 ± 3.7