Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study | Study design | Participant’s description | Setting | Prevalence of sarcopenia | Diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia | Measures of sarcopenia | Prevalence of sedentary behaviour or sedentary time | Measures of sedentary behaviour | Confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aggio DA, 2016, Britain (21) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 1286 Age, mean (SD): 70–92 years old Male, n (%): 1286 (100%) Ethnicity: 100% white Medical conditions: not stated | Community (from primary care practice) | Sarcopenia: 14.2% Severe sarcopenia: 5.4% | EWGSOP | LMM (Equation) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (3 m-GS) | Mean (min/day): Non-sarcopenia: 610.9 Sarcopenia: 614.1 | Actigraph, GT3X accelerometer over the hip for 7 days | Age, wear time, season, region, social class, number of chronic conditions, smoking, alcohol, height, waist circumference |
Batista PP, 2023, Brazil (50) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 1482 Age: 68.17 ± 11.17 Male, n (%): 385 (26%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical condition: 56.3% with ≥ 2 Comorbidities | Community (at home) | 17.1% | SARC-F questionnaire | None | Sitting time, % < 4 h: 28.8 5–7 h: 31.1 8-10 our: 16.9 > 10 h: 23.2 | One question about the duration of sitting activities in the prior week | Age, sex, marital status, education, income, occupation |
Da Silva JRD, 2018, Brazil (45) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 101 Age: ≥60 years old Male, n (%): 38 (41.8%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical conditions: not stated | Community (at home) | 23.1% | EWGSOP | LMM (Equation) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (TUG) | Sitting time ≥ 7 h/day: 73.6% | Questions from IPAQ | Diabetes mellitus, smoking, physical activity, daily caloric intake, daily protein intake, serum vitamin D concentration, and ACE I/D gene polymorphism |
Escriba-Salvans A 2022, Spain (49) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 104 Age: 84.6 ± 7.8; Male, n (%): 19(18.3%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical conditions: 32.5% with hypertension, 32.5% with dementia, 22.5% with cardiac pathology, 16.8% with depression, 16.8% with diabetes, etc. | Long-term care facility | 18.3% | EWGSOP2 | SARC-F + LMS (HGS) + LMM (BIA) | Sedentary behaviour time > 85% in total time: 31.6% | activPAL3TM activity monitor (PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, UK) at mid-thigh | Age, sex, nursing home type |
Gianoudis J, 2015, Australia (32) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 162 Age: 67.5 ± 6.0 Male, n (%): 43 (26%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical conditions: 70% with at least one kind chronic disease, at risk for falls and fracture | Community (at home) | 16% | EWGSOP | LMM (DXA) + LMS (Leg muscle strength) or LPP (TUG) | TV viewing time, h/day: 2.7 ± 1.6 Total sitting time, h/day: 6.1 ± 2.1 | 7-day recall questionnaire | Age, sex, physical activity, chronic disease, medications, smoking, sedentary job, total BFM |
Meier NF, 2020, United States (43) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 304 Age: 72.2 ± 5.8 Male, n (%): 182 (40%) Ethnicity: 100% Caucasian Medical conditions: not stated | Community (at home) | 10.9% | EWGSOP | LMM (DXA) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (GS) | Mean (SD) (h/day): Not sarcopenic: 10.6 (4.0) Sarcopeniac: 12.0 (5.1) | Questions from IPAQ | Age, sex, BMI, education, income, smoking, drinking, chronic conditions, depressive symptoms |
Mo YH, 2022, China (46) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 1050 Age: 70.3 ± 7.5 Male, n (%): 347 (33.0%) Ethnicity: Yellow (100%) Medical conditions: 15.3% with diabetes, 43.4% with hypertension | Community (from Community Elderly Activity Centre) | 25.0% | AWGS | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (GS) | Sitting time without breaks classification < 2 h: 23.1% 2–4 h: 27.7% > 4 h: 49.2% | Questions from PASE | Age, BMI, marital status, dietary diversity, physical activity |
Reid N, 2018, Australia (31) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 102 Age: 84.5 ± 8.2 Male, n (%): 31 (30.4%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical conditions: Low care, high care, or people with dementia residing in a secure dementia unit | Long-term care facility | 40.2% | EWGSOP | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (SPPB) | Total sitting time(h/day) Mean (SD): 12.9 (3.0) | Question from IPAQ | Age and sex, physical activity, nutritional status and BMI |
Ribeiro SV, 2020, Brazil (42) | Cohort study | Sample size: 395 Age: ≥60 Male, n (%): 59 (28.0%) Ethnicity: White: 64.0%, Brown/black: 24.2%, Asian: 11.8% Medical conditions: not stated | Community (at home) | 8.5% | EWGSOP | LMM (Equation) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (GS) | Not stated | Self-report questionnaire | Age and sex |
Sánchez JL, 2019, Spain (8) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 497 Age: 78.08 ± 5.71 Male, n (%): 219 (45.7%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical conditions: 65.4% with hypertention, 22.9% with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, 54.3% with dependency for IADL (Lawton index) | Community (further detail not stated) | 23.3% | FNIH | LMM (DXA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (GS) | Total sitting time (h/day) Mean (SD): Non sarcopenia 6.82 (1.57); Sarcopenia 7.53 (1.63) | Actigraph, GT3X accelerometer for 7 days | LPA and MVPA |
Scott D, 2021, Swedish (22) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 3334 Age: 70.1 ± 0.1 Male, n (%): 1647 (49.4%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical conditions: some participants with stroke | Community (at home) | 1.8% | EWGSOP 2 -probable and confirmed sarcopenia | Probable: LMS (HGS) Confirmed: LMM (DXA) + LMS (HGS) + LPP (TUG) | Total sitting time (h/7 days) Mean (SD): Non sarcopenia 58.7 (12.8); Sarcopenia 59.5 (15.3) | Actigraph, GT3X accelerometer for 7 days | Gender, BMI, smoking status, time spent on LPA and MVPA |
Senior HE, 2015, Australia (30) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 102 Age: 84.5 ± 8.2 Male, n (%): 31 (30.7%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical conditions: Low care, high care, or people with dementia residing in a secure dementia unit | Long-term care facility | 40.2% | EWGSOP | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (SPPB) | Total sitting time (h/day) Mean (SD): 12.9 (3.0) | Questions from IPAQ | BMI, SPPB, nutritional status |
Sinesio Silva Neto L, 2016, Brazil (48) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 70 Age: 65.58 ± 6.67 Male, n (%): 31(44.3%) Ethnicity: 100% quilombola Medical conditions: not stated | Community (at home) | 10.0% | EWGSOP | LMM (DXA) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (GS) | Infrequently active + sedentary: 12.9% | Score of IPAQ-SV | Sex, age, education, cognitive function, weight, hight, BMI, WC, WHR, FM%, ASMM, HGS, GS |
Smith L, 2020, Low and Middle-Income Countries (10) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 14,585 Age:72.6 ± 11.5 Male, n (%): 6563(45%) Ethnicity: Yellow: 7801, White and Hispanic: 3325, Black: 3459 Medical conditions: not stated | Community (at home) | 15.7% | EWGSOP | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (4 m-GS) | Sitting time classification (h): 0-<4: 43.3% 4-<8: 40.8% 8-<11: 11.8% ≥ 11: 4.1% | Single question from GPAQ | Age, sex, wealth, education, smoke, drink, chronic disease, BMI, physical activity |
Taani MH, 2021, United States (44) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 96 Age: 82.5 ± 7.4 Male, n (%): 17 (17.7%) Ethnicity: 81.3% White or Caucasian, 16.7% Black or African American, 2.1% American Indian/Alaska Native Medical condition: not stated | Community (Continuing care retirement communities) | 37.5% | EWGSOP2 | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (GS) | Total sitting time for 7 days (h): 519.1 ± 77.8 | Actigraph, GT3X accelerometer for 7 days | Protein, Caloric intake, LPA, MVPA, self-efficacy and expectations regarding aging |
Tzeng PL, 2020, Taiwan (47) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 1068 Age: 65 to 92 years old Male, n (%): 505 (47.3%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical conditions: not stated | Community (further detail not stated) | 7.3% | SARC-F questionnaire | None | High (sitting ≥ 7 h/day): 167 (15.6%) Low (< 7 h/day): 901 (84.4%) | Single question from IPAQ-SV | Sex, age, residential geographic areas, education, marital status, employment, living status, BMI |
Yao XM, 2022, China (51) | Cross-sectional study | Sample size: 1050 Age: ≥ 60 Male, n (%): 347 (33%) Ethnicity: not stated Medical conditions: 43.4% with hypertension, 15.3% with diabetes, 14.6% with coronary heart disease | Community (from Community Elderly Activity Centre) | 25.0% | AWGS | LMM (BIA) + LMS (HGS) or LPP (GS) | Sitting time without breaks classification < 2 h: 268 2–4 h: 300 > 4 h: 482 | Questions from PASE | Age, Education, BMI, Calf circumference |