Table 2 Associated between fall incidence and its risk factors in univariate and multiple logistic regression models

A univariate logistic regression model

Age (Each year increase)

1.03

1.00–1.06

0.034

Sex (Male/Female)

0.26

0.15–0.45

< 0.001

Body mass index (BMI), (kg/m2)

Ideal body (18.5–25)

Reference group

Low body (≤ 18.5)

1.07

0.31–3.72

0.905

Overweight (25-29.9)

1.46

0.83–2.56

0.185

Obese (≥ 30)

2.06

1.13–3.76

0.018

low gait speed (m/s), (≥ 0.8)

4.37

1.75–10.90

< 0.001

Low grip strength (kg/cm2), (Female < 16) & (Male < 27)

1.58

1.01–2.48

0.042

Calf circumference (Each centimeter increase)

1.02

0.98–1.06

0.214

Mid-Arm circumference (Each centimeter increase)

1.06

1.00–1.12

0.045

Waist circumference (Each centimeter increase)

1.02

1.00–1.04

0.018

Urinary incontinence (Yes/No)

1.26

0.67–2.39

0.462

Cancer (Yes/No)

2.03

0.59–6.90

0.257

Hearing loss (Yes/No)

1.26

0.63–2.5

0.504

Visual impairment (Yes/No)

1.18

0.72–1.94

0.493

Diabetes mellitus (Yes/No)

1.12

0.68–1.83

0.646

Thyroid (Yes/No)

1.34

0.56–3.19

0.504

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Yes/No)

1.09

0.14–8.43

0.930

Hypertension (Yes/No)

1.08

0.68–1.70

0.729

Congestive heart failure (Yes/No)

1.18

0.61 - 2.28

0.616

cerebrovascular Accident (Yes/No)

1.18

0.75–4.37

0.180

Acute Myocardial Infarction (Yes/No)

0.84

0.30–2.37

0.752

Pain (Yes/No)

1.68

0.91–3.08

0.093

Osteoporosis (Yes/No)

1.75

0.96–3.21

0.067

Osteoarthritis (Yes/No)

1.80

1.10–2.96

0.019

Cognitive function (MMSE)

Normal cognitive

Reference group

Mild cognitive impairment

1.01

0.60–1.69

0.967

Dementia

1.81

0.91–3.61

0.088

Depression (PHQ-9)

Normal mood (0–5)

Reference group

Mild depression (5–9)

1.21

0.67–2.18

0.508

Moderate depression (10–14)

2.22

1.18–4.15

0.013

Moderately-severe depression (15–19)

4.57

2.17–9.62

< 0.001

Severe Depressed (20–27)

6.48

2.24–18.73

< 0.001

Sleep Quality

Very good

Reference group

Relatively good

1.13

0.44–2.90

0.796

Relatively poor

1.47

0.53–4.03

0.449

Very poor

4.31

1.22–15.21

0.023

Physical activity (Active/ Totally inactive)

0.42

0.26–0.67

< 0.001

Impair balance (TUG), (> 12 s)

2.53

1.61–3.97

< 0.001

SPPB (Each score increase)

0.52

0.36–0.75

< 0.001

Smoking (Yes/No)

0.38

0.12–1.25

0.114

Polypharmacy (Yes/No)

1.74

1.02–2.98

0.042

Nutrition status (MNA)

Well nutrition (≥ 24)

Reference group

At risk of malnutrition (17–24)

1. 95

1.22–3.11

< 0.001

Malnutrition (≤ 17)

3.85

0.82–18.08

0.087

ADL (Barthel’s index), (Independent/ Dependent)

0.57

0.36–0.91

0.018

IADL (Lawton IADL), (Independent/Dependent)

0.84

0.75–0.93

< 0.001

Marital status (Married/not married)

0.52

0.31–0.86

0.011

Job status

Retired

Reference group

Employed

0.27

0.06–1.17

0.081

Housekeeper

2.18

1.31–3.62

< 0.001

Unemployed

1.06

0.30–3.65

0.921

Education years (Each year increase)

0.97

0.92–1.01

0.209

Living arrangement (Live alone/Live with)

1.23

0.63–2.37

0.537

Wealth quintile

First (Poorest)

Reference group

Second

0.89

0.45–1.78

0.761

Third

0.95

0.48–1.88

0.905

Fourth

0.54

0.25–1.18

0.124

Fifth (Richest)

0.91

0.46–1.80

0.807

Multiple logistic regression model

Sex (Male/Female)

0.35

0.20–0.63

< 0.001

Depression (PHQ-9 score)

Normal mood (0–5)

Reference group

Mild depression (5–9)

0.82

0.44–1.50

0.527

Moderate depression (10–14)

1.27

0.66–2.47

0.465

Moderately-severe depression(15–19)

2.96

1.37–6.41

< 0.001

Severe Depression (20–27)

4.28

1.41–12.99

0.010

Physical activity ( Active/ Totally inactive)

0.55

0.33–0.90

0.018

Impair balance (TUG), (> 12 s)

1.95

1.22–3.13

< 0.001