Table 1 Basic characteristics of the participants
Variables | Non-fallers n (%) | Fallers n (%) | Total (n) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Group | 60–69 years | 738 (58.5) | 39 (47.6) | 777 | 0.131 |
70–79 years | 384 (30.4) | 30 (36.6) | 414 | ||
80 + years | 140 (11.1) | 13 (15.9) | 153 | ||
Sex (Female) | 637 (50.5) | 65 (79.3) | 1344 | < 0.001 | |
Body mass index (BMI), (kg/m2) | Ideal body (18.5–24.9) | 453 (35.9) | 21 (25.6) | 474 | 0.110 |
Low body (≤ 18.5) | 60 (4.8) | 3 (3.7) | 63 | ||
Overweight (25–30) | 487 (38.6) | 33 (40.2) | 520 | ||
Obese (≥ 30) | 261 (20.7) | 25 (30.5) | 286 | ||
Low gait speed (< 0.8 m/s) | 279 (22.1) | 5 (6.1) | 1344 | < 0.001 | |
Low grip strength (kg/cm2), (Female < 16) & (Male < 27) | 502 (39.8) | 42 (51.2) | 1344 | 0.041 | |
Calf circumference (cm), Mean ± SD | 34.6 ± 4.7 | 35.2 ± 4.4 | 1343 | 0.214 | |
Mid-arm circumference (cm), Mean ± SD | 28.5 ± 3.7 | 29.4 ± 3.7 | 1343 | 0.045 | |
Waist circumference (cm), Mean ± SD | 95.2 ± 11.8 | 98.4 ± 11.7 | 1343 | 0.018 | |
Urinary incontinence | 150 (11.9) | 12 (14.6) | 1343 | 0.461 | |
Cancer | 23 (1.8) | 3 (3.7) | 1335 | 0.247 | |
Hearing loss | 126 (10.0) | 10 (12.4) | 1338 | 0.503 | |
Visual impairment | 324 (25.8) | 24 (29.3) | 1336 | 0.493 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 309 (24.5) | 23 (28.1) | 1343 | 0.471 | |
Thyroid | 70 (5.6) | 6 (7.3) | 1343 | 0.502 | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 14 (1.1) | 1 (1.2) | 1338 | 0.930 | |
Hypertension | 537 (42.6) | 40 (48.8) | 1343 | 0.301 | |
Congestive heart failure | 146 (11.6) | 11 (13.4) | 1343 | 0.616 | |
Cerebrovascular Accident | 53 (4.2) | 6 (7.4) | 1340 | 0.174 | |
Acute Myocardial Infarction | 71 (5.7) | 4 (4.9) | 1325 | 0.752 | |
Having Pain | 957 (76.0) | 69 (84.2) | 1342 | 0.090 | |
Osteoporosis | 135 (10.8) | 14 (17.5) | 1334 | 0.064 | |
Osteoarthritis | 234 (18.6) | 24 (29.3) | 1338 | 0.018 | |
Parkinson | 9 (0.7) | 0(0.0) | 1343 | 0.443 | |
Cognitive function (MMSE) | Normal cognitive | 794 (63.3) | 48 (59.3) | 842 | 0.208 |
Mild cognitive impairment | 360 (28.7) | 22 (27.2) | 382 | ||
Dementia | 100(8.0) | 11(13.6) | 111 | ||
Depression (PHQ-9 score) | Normal mood (0–5) | 684 (54.4) | 31 (37.8) | 715 | < 0.001 |
Mild depression (5–9) | 344 (27.4) | 19 (23.2) | 363 | ||
Moderate depression (10–14) | 159 (12.6) | 16 (19.5) | 175 | ||
Moderately-severe depression (15–19) | 53 (4.2) | 11 (13.4) | 64 | ||
Severe Depressed (20–27) | 17 (1.4) | 5 (6.1) | 22 | ||
Sleep Quality | Very good | 97 (7.7) | 5 (6.1) | 102 | 0.022 |
Relative good | 874 (69.3) | 51 (62.2) | 925 | ||
Relative poor | 263 (20.9) | 20 (24.4) | 283 | ||
Very poor | 27 (2.1) | 6 (7.3) | 33 | ||
Physical activity, (Totally inactive) | 583 (46.3) | 55 (67.1) | 1342 | < 0.001 | |
Impair Balance (TUG), High risk (> 12 s) | 321 (25.4) | 38 (46.3) | 1344 | < 0.001 | |
SPPB score | Low (0–2) | 37 (2.9) | 6 (7.3) | 43 | < 0.001 |
Intermediate (3–9) | 372 (29.5) | 35 (42.7) | 407 | ||
Robust (10–12) | 852 (67.6) | 41 (50.0) | 893 | ||
Smoker | 112 (8.9) | 3 (3.7) | 1343 | 0.101 | |
Polypharmacy | 186 (14.7) | 19 (23.2) | 1344 | 0.040 | |
Nutrition status (MNA score) | Well nutrition (≥ 24) | 945 (74.9) | 49 (59.8) | 994 | < 0.001 |
At risk of malnutrition (17–24) | 306 (24.3) | 31 (37.8) | 337 | ||
Malnutrition (≤ 17) | 10 (0.8) | 2 (2.4) | 12 | ||
Dependency in ADL (Barthel’s Index 0–95 score) | 380 (30.1) | 35 (42.7) | 1343 | 0.017 | |
Dependency in IADL (Lawton’s IADL 0–7 score) | 1002 (79.5) | 66 (80.5) | 1343 | 0.823 | |
Marital status (Married) | 1,048 (83.1) | 59 (72.0) | 1343 | 0.010 | |
Job status | Retired | 484 (38.4) | 22 (26.8) | 506 | < 0.001 |
Employed | 161 (12.8) | 2 (2.4) | 163 | ||
Housekeeper | 555 (44.0) | 55 (67.1) | 610 | ||
Unemployed | 62 (4.9) | 3 (3.7) | 65 | ||
Education years | Illiterate | 551 (43.7) | 43 (52.4) | 594 | 0.252 |
Primary school | 405 (32.1) | 23 (28.1) | 428 | ||
High school | 196 (15.5) | 13 (15.9) | 209 | ||
Academic | 110 (8.7) | 3 (3.7) | 113 | ||
Living arrangement (Live alone) | 141 (11.2) | 11 (13.4) | 1343 | 0.536 | |
Wealth Index (quintile) | First (Poorest) | 238 (18.9) | 18 (22.0) | 256 | 0.576 |
second | 250 (19.8) | 17 (20.7) | 267 | ||
third | 248 (19.7) | 18 (22.0) | 266 | ||
fourth | 266 (21.1) | 11 (13.4) | 277 | ||
fifth (Richest) | 259 (20.5) | 18 (22.0) | 277 | ||