Table 1 Characteristics of Reviewed Studies

Evered 2021 [4]

United States

major surgery more than 2 h

70.8 (6.9)

26

(23–28)

253

BIS target 50

BIS:51 (48–53)

71.1 (6.8)

26 (22–28)

262

BIS target 35

BIS: 38 (36–40)

3D-CAM/

CAM-ICU

Trained researcher

Quan 2018 [8]

China

abdominal surgery

63.9 ± 4.56

21.4 ± 3.0

53

BIS values ranging from 45–60

84.6% of the total time BIS 45–60

65.6 ± 3.77

22.3 ± 3.4

52

BIS values ranging from 30–45

85.3% of the total time,

BIS 30–45

9 neuropsychological tests

Experienced psychometrician

Short 2019 [14]

New Zealand

surgery more than 2 h

72 (7)

28

(24–32)

3316

BIS target 50

median BIS

was 47.2 (IQR 43.7–50.5)

72 (7)

28 (24–32)

3328

BIS target 35

median BIS

was 38.8 (36.3–42.2)

na

na

Sieber 2018a [12]

United States

hip fracture repair

81.6 (8.2)

25.2

(5.2)

100

maintained at an OAA/S score of 3–5

89.9% time of sedation fall in the desired range

82.0 (7.2)

24.8 (5.4)

100

maintained at an OAA/S score of 0–2

97.7% time of sedation fall in the desired range

Multidisciplinary consensus panel

Researcher masked to the randomization

Sieber 2018b [15]

United States

hip fracture repair

81.6 (8.2)

25.2

(5.2)

100

maintained at an OAA/S score of 3–5

89.9% time of sedation fall in the desired range

82.0 (7.2)

24.8 (5.4)

100

maintained at an OAA/S score of 0–2

97.7% time of sedation fall in the desired range

na

na

Valentin 2016 [13]

Brazil

elective non-cardiac/neurologic surgery

68.7 ± 7.7

25 ± 5

32

BIS 46–55

1th hour: 49.1 ± 11.1

2th hour: 46.2 ± 5.4

3th hour: 48.4 ± 13.5

67.2 ± 5.2

28.6 ± 5.5

40

BIS 35–45

1th hour: 38 ± 5.5

2th hour: 41.2 ± 8.1

3th hour: 44 ± 11.1

TICS and Neuropsychological Battery

na