Table 5 Predictors of decline of activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, malnutrition

Age (years)

1.12

(1.06-

1.19)

< 0.001*

0.99

(0.87-

1.13)

0.880

1.10

(1.07-

1.14)

< 0.001*

1.00

(0.94-

1.06)

0.889

1.03

(0.96-

1.10)

0.400

Gender

 Female

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Male

0.60

(0.23-

1.53)

0.286

0.99

(0.59-

1.64)

0.959

0.15

(0.02-

1.13)

0.065

Osteosarcopenia

 Normal

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 only Osteoporosis

0.00

(0.00-

0.997

0.00

(0.00-

0.996

1.67

(0.67-

4.16)

0.275

1.94

(0.54-

7.03)

0.311

1.30

(0.08-

21.21)

0.855

 only Possible sarcopenia

7.33

(0.86-

62.52)

0.068

0.14

(0.01-

2.53)

0.182

4.64

(2.05-

10.54)

< 0.001*

2.45

(0.65-

9.17)

0.183

3.42

(0.35-

33.64)

0.293

 Osteoporosis with possible sarcopenia

14.13

(1.86-

107.52)

0.011*

1.05

(0.07-

16.32)

0.974

3.77

(1.77-

8.02)

0.001*

3.67

(1.10-

12.29)

0.035*

6.61

(0.83-

52.70)

0.075

Comprehensive geriatric assessment

 Charlson Comorbidity Index

1.23

(1.002-

1.51)

0.048*

1.12

(0.77-

1.63)

0.555

1.23

(1.08-

1.41)

0.002*

0.96

(0.76-

1.22)

0.742

0.80

(0.57-

1.12)

0.190

 Barthel index of activities of daily living

0.95

(0.93-

0.97)

< 0.001*

1.05

(0.99-

1.12)

0.118

0.96

(0.95-

0.98)

< 0.001*

0.98

(0.95-

1.01)

0.146

 Lawton instrumental activities of daily living

0.21

(0.11-

0.40)

< 0.001*

0.16

(0.06-

0.40)

< 0.001*

0.64

(0.58-

0.71)

< 0.001*

0.67

(0.52-

0.85)

0.001*

0.70

(0.57-

0.85)

< 0.001*

0.90

(0.66-

1.24)

0.535

Physical performance

 Low physical performance

2.73

(1.37-

5.45)

0.004*

0.91

(0.31-

2.63)

0.860

0.93

(0.22-

3.99)

0.924

 Timed Up and Go test

1.11

(0.99-

1.23)

0.071

1.12

(1.06-

1.19)

< 0.001*

1.08

(0.98-

1.18)

0.110

1.07

(0.99-

1.15)

0.096

 Cognitive impairment

8.80

(3.58-

21.61)

< 0.001*

1.77

(0.44-

7.19)

0.425

7.71

(2.39-

24.88)

0.001*

3.69

(0.97-

14.12)

0.056

 Depressive symptoms

1.13

(0.46-

2.78)

0.788

1.49

(0.87-

2.55)

0.146

3.02

(1.06-

8.62)

0.039*

2.91

(0.95-

8.89)

0.061

Mini-nutritional assessment-short form

 Normal

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 At risk

3.17

(1.29-

7.79)

0.012*

1.27

(0.35-

4.60)

0.713

2.65

(1.52-

4.63)

0.001*

1.00

(0.39-

2.55)

0.997

 Malnutrition

13.52

(4.08-

44.75)

< 0.001*

6.06

(0.77-

47.48)

0.086

10.12

(3.09-

33.14)

< 0.001*

2.99

(0.48-

18.65)

0.240