Table 3 Comparison between normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis

Charlson Comorbidity Index, Median (IQR)

3.0

(2.0–4.0)

2.0

(1.0–4.0)

2.0

(1.0–3.0)

0.064

Functional capacity

 Barthel index of activities of daily living, Median (IQR)

100.0

(90.0-100.0)

95.0

(90.0-100.0)

95.0

(85.0-100.0)

0.068

 Lawton instrumental activities of daily living, Median (IQR)

7.0

(5.0–8.0)

7.0

(4.0–8.0)

6.0

(3.0–8.0)

0.164

Physical performance

 Handgrip strength, Median (IQR)

20.3

(15.0-32.1)

21.0

(16.8–27.5)

16.9

(13.5–22.1)

< 0.001*

 Low muscle strength, n (%)

11

(47.8%)

58

(46.8%)

129

(67.9%)

0.001*

 6-meter walking speed, Median (IQR)

1.0

(0.9–1.2)

1.0

(0.7–1.2)

0.9

(0.7–1.1)

0.182

 Low physical performance, n (%)

8

(40.0%)

57

(55.3%)

105

(70.0%)

0.006*

 Timed Up and Go test (sec), Median (IQR)

9.9

(8.6–13.2)

11.8

(9.2–15.0)

12.7

(10.5–16.2)

0.009*

 Mini-mental state examination, Median (IQR)

28.0

(24.0–29.0)

27.0

(23.0–29.0)

25.0

(19.0–29.0)

0.005*

 Cognitive impairment, n (%)

5

(21.7%)

33

(26.6%)

58

(30.5%)

0.572

 Five-item geriatric depression scale, Median (IQR)

0.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–2.0)

0.552

 Depressive symptoms, n (%)

4

(17.4%)

27

(22.0%)

49

(25.8%)

0.558

 Mini-nutritional assessment-short form, Median (IQR)

14.0

(12.0–14.0)

13.0

(12.0–14.0)

13.0

(11.0–14.0)

0.012*

Mini-nutritional assessment-short form, n (%)

0.399

 Normal

19

(82.6%)

91

(75.8%)

124

(68.9%)

 At risk

4

(17.4%)

25

(20.8%)

45

(25.0%)

 Malnutrition

0

(0.0%)

4

(3.4%)

11

(6.1%)

 One-year mortality, n (%)

0

(0.0%)

1

(0.8%)

4

(2.1%)

0.756