Table 1 Characteristics of the participants

Age (years), Median (IQR)

78.0

(71.0–85.0)

Gender, n (%)

 Female

231

(68.5%)

 Male

106

(31.5%)

Body height (cm), Median (IQR)

155.4

(151.0-161.3)

Body weight (kg), Median (IQR)

58.0

(50.8–64.8)

Body mass index (kg/m²), Median (IQR)

23.5

(21.0-25.9)

Educational level, n (%)

 Illiterate

59

(17.5%)

 Literate

9

(2.7%)

 Primary school

100

(29.7%)

 Junior high school

49

(14.5%)

 Senior high school

52

(15.4%)

 University

68

(20.2%)

Marital Status, n (%)

 Single

4

(1.2%)

 Married

172

(51.0%)

 Widowed

153

(45.4%)

 Divorced

8

(2.4%)

 Living situation, n (%)

 Non-family/alone

55

(16.3%)

 Family

282

(83.7%)

 Smoking, n (%)

4

(1.2%)

 Drinking, n (%)

2

(0.6%)

 Betel nut chewing, n (%)

6

(1.8%)

Comprehensive geriatric assessment

 Charlson Comorbidity Index, Median (IQR)

2.0

(1.0–4.0)

Functional capacity

 Barthel index of activities of daily living, Median (IQR)

95.0

(85.0-100.0)

 Lawton instrumental activities of daily living, Median (IQR)

6.0

(3.0–8.0)

Physical performance

 Handgrip strength, Median (IQR)

19.0

(14.6–24.3)

 Low muscle strength, n (%)

198

(58.8%)

 6-meter walking speed, Median (IQR)

0.9

(0.7–1.1)

 Low physical performance, n (%)

170

(62.3%)

 Timed Up and Go test (sec), Median (IQR)

12.0

(9.8–15.5)

 Mini-mental state examination, Median (IQR)

26.0

(20.0–29.0)

 Cognitive impairment, n (%)

96

(28.5%)

 Five-item geriatric depression scale, Median (IQR)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

 Depressive symptoms, n (%)

80

(23.8%)

 Mini-nutritional assessment-short form, Median (IQR)

13.0

(11.0–14.0)

Mini-nutritional assessment-short form, n (%)

 Normal

234

(72.5%)

 At risk

74

(22.9%)

 Malnutrition

15

(4.6%)

 One-year mortality, n (%)

5

(1.5%)